Announcements

1
Announcements

• Depts Web Site (slides)
• Mini polycopiés full packages
• BOOK
• Baylis Smith, eds., Globalization of World
  Politics, 1997 2001 on hold.
• EXAM 31st January 230 PM

2
Actors and Collective Action

• Summary of last week Value of Theory
• The Demand for Collective Action Genesis
• Actors the International System
• The State, Sovereignty Legitimacy
• Levels of Analysis

3
Value of Theory

• Transparency
• Enduring analytical tools

4
Methodology

• Methods used in developing and testing various
  theories
• Induction building theories from facts
• Deduction predicting facts from theory

5
Current International System

• Territorial State System
• Sovereign territorial state is the unit of
  analysis

6
Birth of Modern State System

• Peace of Westphalia 1648, end of Thirty Years War
• Treaties of Munster Osnabruck

Thirty Years War 1618-1648, Peeter Snayers
7
The Westphalian System

• Thirty Years War Austria, England, the
  Netherlands, Spain Sweden
• Causes of War determination of future political
  authority
• Consequences state-making (bureaucracies, tax
  revenues) nation-state
• Principle of State sovereignty is formally
  asserted

8
Political Organization the State

• Why did Europeans converge on state as
  constitutive unit in international relations?
• War makes states, states make war
• Charles Tillys thesis
• How is it different from other systems that
  existed in the past? Genesis of a construction

9
The Demand for Collective Action

• Environmental Constraints
• Pleistocene Period the Last Ice Age 1,8
  million 11 000 years ago

10
The Demand for Collective Action

• Competition for Scarce Resources
• Human response to environmental change

11
Competition Organization

• End of Pleistocene period .
  11 000 yrs. ago
• Meltdown of glaciers
• Agricultural communities systems- Mesopotamia
  . 10 000 BC

12
The Need for Organization

• Resource scarcity fosters competition
• State as an effort to achieve collective action
• The need for another form of organization
  inter-state cooperation

13
Political Organization the State

• From rudimentary agricultural systems to
  sophisticated communities
• Holocene Period 6000 BC- cities
• Sovereign independent units
• Greek city-states power politics (Thucydides
  History of Peloponnesian War)

14
Developments Pre-1648

• Anarchic State System Greek city-states (400 BC)
• World Imperial System e.g. Sumerian (3000-2500
  BC), Persian (600-100 BC), Roman (44 BC 410
  AD), African (AD 600-1200), Arab (AD 622-1258),
  Chinese (AD 1000-1700), Aztec (AD 1325-1520),
  Inca (AD 1200)
• Feudal Middle Ages (400-1000 AD)
• Centralization of religious authority (Rome)
• Decentralization of political eco. life
• Later Middle Ages (1000-1500 AD)
• Age of Global Exploration
• Centralized Monarchies
• Religious split

15
Political Organization the State

• Greek city-states
• Sovereign independent units
• Power politics (Thucydides History of
  Peloponnesian War)
• Roman Empire (44 BC- 410 AD)
• Origins of imperialism (territory)
• Imposed law language
• Local political organization

16
Developments Pre-1648

• Anarchic State System Greek city-states (400 BC)
• World Imperial System e.g. Sumerian (3000-2500
  BC), Persian (600-100 BC), Roman (44 BC 410
  AD), African (AD 600-1200), Arab (AD 622-1258),
  Chinese (AD 1000-1700), Aztec (AD 1325-1520),
  Inca (AD 1200)
• Feudal Middle Ages (400-1000)
• Centralization of religious authority (Rome)
• Decentralization of political eco. life
• Later Middle Ages (1000-1500)
• Age of Global Exploration
• Centralized Monarchies
• Religious split

17
Birth of Modern State System

• Peace of Westphalia 1648, end of Thirty Years War
• Treaties of Munster Osnabrück

Thirty Years War 1618-1648, Peeter Snayers
18
19th Century Developments

• Revolutions America (1776), France (1789)
  Legitimacy Nationalism
• Napoleonic Wars (1790-1815) conscription
  export of revolution
• Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe (Austria,
  Britain, France, Prussia, Russia) Balance of
  Power

19
The State, Sovereignty Nationalism

• Peace of Paris 1814
• Treaty of Vienna 1815
• Claims of states prevail over nations

20
20th Century Developments (1)

• 1890s Expansion of Europes Colonial Empire
  (Berlin Congress)
• 1900-1910 Development of European Alliances
• 1914-1917 WWI
• 1929-1939 Great Depression failure of League of
  Nations rise of militarism in Japan/Germany
• 1939-1945 WWII

21
20th Century Developments (2)

• 1945 founding of UN, Bretton Woods system (1944)
• Late 1940s beginning of Cold War
• 1950-1970 decolonization
• 1970 Collapse of Bretton Woods
• 1989-1990 Collapse of Soviet bloc
• 1990-2001 end of Cold War
• 2001- new war on terrorism

22
Actors the International System

• Actor any person or body whose decisions and
  subsequent actions have repercussions for IP.
• State most important international actor
• Non-State Actors
• IGOs (e.g. UN agencies, NATO, IMF)
• NGOs (e.g. Greenpeace)
• MNCs (e.g. United Fruit)
• Actors vs. agents
• Different theoretical views on imp. of diff.
  actors
• Realists States
• Liberals States IOs MNCs
• Political Psychologists leaders, officials,
  individuals..

23
Defining the State

• A human community that successfully claims a
  monopoly of legitimate use of physical force
  within a given area Weber (social science
  definition)
• A state is a territorially defined, permanent
  political organization designed to regulate
  political and economic competition between
  individuals living within the states borders
• The state possesses a specialized coercive
  apparatus which it uses to enforce rules
  domestically and to protect its territory from
  external threats

24
Legal Definition of the State

• Art. 1 of Montevideo Convention on Rights and
  Duties of States (1933)
• The state as a person of IL should possess the
  following qualifications a) a permanent
  population b) a defined territory c)
  government and d) capacity to enter into
  relations with other states

25
The State Sovereignty

• State Sovereignty supreme decision-making
  decision-enforcing authority resides in the state
  and no other social institution
• Internal component states can order their
  domestic affairs as they fit
• External autonomy all states in the
  international system possess the same rights and
  status

26
Defining Sovereignty

• Sovereignty is the institutionalization of
  public authority within mutually exclusive
  jurisdictional domains- Ruggie
• Sovereignty implies external autonomy and it
  also implies internal order and control over
  means of maintaining this order - Puchala

27
The State Sovereignty

• De facto sovereignty
• De jure sovereignty
• Territoriality
• Legitimate authority

28
The State, Sovereignty Nationalism

• Nation
• Nationalism

29
Defining the Nation

• 18th Century concept
• A nation is a group of people bound together by a
  sense of oneness, based on some combination of a
  common history, heritage, language, culture..
• A group sentiment
• Legitimacy of the nation flows from a sense of
  group-belonging

30
Defining Nationalism

• Group sentiment leads its members to act
  collectively to achieve political ends for their
  common future
• Right to decide how they will be governed
• One form self-determination, nations should be
  politically self-determining- UN Charter 1(2)

31
The State, Sovereignty Nationalism

• Self-determination
• Secession
• Irredentism
• Self-government

32
The State, Sovereignty Nationalism

• State sovereignty
• Principle of nationality

33
The State, Legitimacy Recognition

• Recognition external
• What are criteria for assessing legitimacy of a
  government?
• Legitimacy internal external

34
Legitimacy the Right to Rule A Slippery Slope?

• () but the purposes of the United States should
  not be doubted. The Security Council Resolutions
  will be enforced, the just demands of peace and
  security will be met or action will be
  unavoidable and a regime that has lost its
  legitimacy will also lose power
• Psdt Georges W. Bush, UN General Assembly,
  2002

35
Three Levels of Analysis

• Multiplicity of Actors, influences processes
  within IS
• Complexity of competing explanations theories
• Categorization into different levels of analysis,
  i.e. 3 sets of similar actors or processes for
  possible explanations

36
Individual level

• From lowest to highest
• Perceptions, choices actions of individuals
  (leaders, thinkers, voters..).
• Study of foreign policy psychological factors in
  decision-making process

37
Domestic level

• Domestic, state or societal level aggregation of
  individuals within states that influence state
  actions in international system (interest groups,
  government agencies,..)
• Account for differences in states social,
  economic or political structures

38
Interstate level

• International or systemic level the influence of
  the international system upon outcomes
• Interaction of states themselves
• Geographic locations, relative power positions
• Traditionally most important level of analysis