Title: Courtesy
1Courtesy
2Courtesy
3Sentences
- Sentences are breath-units that sound okay when
we say them by themselves.
4Sentences
- They may not be understandable, but they
usually sound okay.
5Sentences
6Sentences
7Sentences
8Fragments
- Fragments are breath-units that sound strange,
or funny, when we say them by themselves.
9Fragments
- Think of the letter F in funny as fragment.
10Fragments
11Fragments
12Fragments
-
- ? Although she could not go to the dance.
13Fragments
- Often, fragments occur because in our minds we
fill in the rest of the sentence.
14Fragments
15Fragments
- ? Going to the store
- ? I am going to the store.
-
16Fragments
- ? The train going 80 mph.
-
17Fragments
18Fragments
- Look up and say the sentence.
- The train was going 80 mph.
-
19Fragments
- Look up and say the sentence.
- Dont start with that.
- ? The train going 80 mph.
-
20Fragments
- Look up and say the sentence.
- Dont start with that.
- ? That the train was going 80 mph.
-
21Fragments
- The train was going 80 mph.
-
22Fragments
- There was a train going 80 mph.
-
23Fragments
- I saw a train going 80 mph.
-
24Fragments
-
- You should be able to hear that the syntax
does not sound natural. -
-
-
25Fragments
- ? Although the apples are ripe.
-
-
26Fragments
27Fragments
28Fragments
29Fragment Words
-
-
- Some words and phrases result in fragments if
the word is the first word in the breath-unit. -
-
- after although
- as as long as
- because before
- during if
- in order to since
- so that till
- though until
- whenever while
30Fragment Words
31Fragment Words
32Fragment Words
33Fragment Words
- While Sally built the house
-
34Fragment Words
- Because Bob forgot his wallet
-
35Fragment Words
- Since Bob forgot his wallet
-
36Fragment Words
- Although Fred insists on going
-
37Fragment Words
- As long as Fred insists on going
-
38Fragment Words
39Fragment Words
- If Juanita insists on going
-
40Fragment Words
- So that she would become champion
-
41Sentences and Fragments
- Fragments usually attach to sentences.
-
42Sentences and Fragments
- They can attach at either end of a sentence.
-
43Sentences and Fragments
- Fragments usually attach to sentences.
- They can attach at either end.
-
- FRAGMENT
- Because I forgot my wallet
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
44Sentences and Fragments
- Fragments usually attach to sentences.
- They can attach at either end.
-
- FRAGMENT
- Because I forgot my wallet
- SENTENCE
- I could not get into the concert.
45Sentences and Fragments
- Fragments usually attach to sentences.
- They can attach at either end.
-
- SENTENCE
- I could not get into the concert
46Sentences and Fragments
- Fragments usually attach to sentences.
- They can attach at either end.
-
- SENTENCE
- I could not get into the concert
- FRAGMENT
- because I forgot my wallet.
47Two Ways to Attach Fragments
48Two Ways to Attach Fragments
49Two Ways to Attach Fragments
- Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get into
the concert. -
50Two Ways to Attach Fragments
- COMMA
- Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
into the concert. -
51Two Ways to Attach Fragments
- COMMA
- Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
into the concert. -
- NO PUNCTUATION
- I could not get into the
- concert because I forgot my wallet.
-
-
-
-
-
-
52Multiple Fragments
-
- Any number of fragments can attach to a
sentence. -
53Multiple Fragments
-
- Assuming the result makes sense, the whole
thing becomes a long sentence.
54Multiple Fragments
- FRAGMENT
- Although I had planned on
- going for months
-
-
-
55Multiple Fragments
- FRAGMENT
- Although I had planned on going for months
-
- SENTENCE
- I could not get into the rock concert
-
-
56Multiple Fragments
- FRAGMENT
- because I forgot my
wallet -
57Multiple Fragments
- F
- Although I had planned on going for months,
- S
- I could not get into the rock concert
- F
- because I forgot my wallet.
58Multiple Fragments
59Sentence Fragment
60Multiple Fragments
- F
- Although I had planned on going for months,
- S
- I could not get into the rock concert
-
61Sentence Fragment
62Multiple Fragments
-
- S
- I could not get into the rock concert
- F
- because I forgot my wallet.
63S F
-
- Commas a breath or other change of tone.
-
64S F
-
- Commas a breath or other change of tone.
- No punctuation
- no breath or other
- tone-change.
-
65Not sure?
66Not sure?
-
- Breath or change of tone of voice?
67Not sure?
- Breath or change of tone of voice?
68Not sure?
- Breath or change of tone of voice?
- No breath or change of tone
- of voice
69Not sure?
- Breath or change of tone of voice?
- No breath or change of tone
- of voice
70Not sure?
71Not sure?
72Not sure?
73Tone-Change Examples
-
- No, I cant go out this evening.
74Tone-Change Examples
-
- S
- No, I cant go out this evening.
75Tone-Change Examples
-
- F S
- No, I cant go out this evening.
76Tone-Change Examples
-
- F S
- No, I cant go out this evening.
77Tone-Change Examples
-
- F S
- No, I cant go out this evening.
78Tone-Change Examples
-
- F S
- No, I cant go out this evening.
79Tone-Change Examples
-
- I asked Mary to the
-
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
80Tone-Change Examples
- I asked Mary to the
- F
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
81Tone-Change Examples
- S
- I asked Mary to the
- F
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
82Tone-Change Examples
- S
- I asked Mary to the
- F
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
83Tone-Change Examples
- S
- I asked Mary to the
- F
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
84Tone-Change Examples
- S
- I asked Mary to the
- F
- prom, although it
- wasnt until spring.
85Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
- during first grade next
- year, I will send Santa
- letter, as long as I
- dont have to be good
- to get something nice.
86Tone-Change Examples
- as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
87Tone-Change Examples
- F
- as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
88Tone-Change Examples
-
- I will send Santa a letter
-
89Tone-Change Examples
- S
- I will send Santa a letter
-
90Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
-
- during first grade next
-
- year
91Tone-Change Examples
- F
- If I can learn to write
-
- during first grade next
-
- year
92Tone-Change Examples
- F
- If I can learn to write
-
- during first grade next
- S
- year, I will send Santa
- F
- letter, as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
93Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
- F
- during first grade next
- S
- year, I will send Santa
- F
- letter, as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
94Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
- F
- during first grade next
- S
- year, I will send Santa
- F
- letter, as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
95Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
- F
- during first grade next
- S
- year, I will send Santa
- F
- letter, as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
96Tone-Change Examples
- If I can learn to write
- F
- during first grade next
- S
- year, I will send Santa
- F
- letter, as long as I dont
- have to be good to get
- something nice.
97No Tone Change Examples
-
- Bill bought a car.
-
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
98No Tone Change Examples
-
- Bill bought a car.
-
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
99No Tone Change Examples
-
- Bill bought a car.
- F
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
100No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Bill bought a car.
- F
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
101No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Bill bought a car.
- F
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
- Formula S F
102No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Bill bought a car.
- F
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
- Formula S F
103No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Bill bought a car.
- F
- That had 250,000 miles on it.
- Formula S F
- Corrected
- Bill bought a car that had 250,000 miles on it.
104No Tone Change Examples
-
- Janie ran into a tree.
-
- With her car.
-
-
105No Tone Change Examples
-
- Janie ran into a tree.
- F
- With her car.
-
-
106No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Janie ran into a tree.
- F
- With her car.
-
-
107No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Janie ran into a tree.
- F
- With her car.
-
- Formula S F
-
108No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Janie ran into a tree.
- F
- With her car.
-
- Formula S F
-
109No Tone Change Examples
- S
- Janie ran into a tree.
- F
- With her car.
-
- Formula S F
-
- Corrected
- Janie ran into a tree with her car.
110No Tone Change Examples
- The teacher was upset.
- Because the students
- had not studied.
111No Tone Change Examples
- Because the students
- had not studied.
112No Tone Change Examples
- F
- Because the students
- had not studied.
113No Tone Change Examples
114No Tone Change Examples
115No Tone Change Examples
- S
- The teacher was upset.
- F
- Because the students
- had not studied.
116No Tone Change Examples
- S
- The teacher was upset.
- F
- Because the students
- had not studied.
117No Tone Change Examples
- S
- The teacher was upset.
- F
- Because the students
- had not studied.
118Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- Although she did
- not know the part.
-
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
-
- her friend was ill.
-
119Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- Although she did
- not know the part.
-
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
120Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
121Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
122Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
123Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
124Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
125Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
126Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play. Because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
127Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part.
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
128Tone Change AND No Tone Change
- F
- Although she did
-
- not know the part,
- S
- Zelda performed in
-
- the play because
- F
- her friend was ill.
-
129Answering Questions
-
- We often use fragments when we answer
questions. -
130Answering Questions
-
- We often use fragments when we answer
questions. -
131Answering Questions
-
- We often use fragments when we answer
questions. -
- Where are you going?
- To the store.
-
132Answering Questions
-
- Thats because the question is under-stood as
part of the answer. -
- Where are you going?
- I am going to the store.
-
133REVIEW
134REVIEW
135REVIEW
136REVIEW
137REVIEW
138REVIEW
139REVIEW
- When in doubt, leave commas out.
-
-
140CAUTION
141CAUTION
- Read (listen to) the ENTIRE sentence.
-
-
142CAUTION
- Above the airplane looked tiny.
-
-
143CAUTION
- Above, the airplane looked tiny.
-
-
144CAUTION
- Outside the temperature was rapidly falling.
-
-
145CAUTION
- Outside, the temperature was rapidly falling.
-
-
146CAUTION
- Do not put in commas where there is probably
no breath or change of tone. -
-
147CAUTION
- Do not put in commas where there is probably
no breath or change of tone. -
-
148CAUTION
- I found an apartment near the university.
-
-
149CAUTION
- I found an apartment, near the university.
-
-
150CAUTION
- I found, an apartment near the university.
-
-
151CAUTION
- I found an apartment near the university.
-
-
152REVIEW
153REVIEW
154REVIEW
155REVIEW