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Courtesy

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... or other change of tone. S F. Commas = a breath or other change of tone. ... Tone-Change Examples. I asked Mary to the. prom, although it. wasn't until spring. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Courtesy


1
Courtesy
2
Courtesy
  • Fragments

3
Sentences
  • Sentences are breath-units that sound okay when
    we say them by themselves.

4
Sentences
  • They may not be understandable, but they
    usually sound okay.

5
Sentences
  • They will go.

6
Sentences
  • She did that.

7
Sentences
  • He left.

8
Fragments
  •  
  • Fragments are breath-units that sound strange,
    or funny, when we say them by themselves.

9
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • Think of the letter F in funny as fragment.

10
Fragments
  •  
  • ? If John can go.

11
Fragments
  •  
  • ? When the dog barks.

12
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • ? Although she could not go to the dance.

13
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • Often, fragments occur because in our minds we
    fill in the rest of the sentence.

14
Fragments
  •  
  • ? Going to the store
  •  

15
Fragments
  •  
  • ? Going to the store
  • ? I am going to the store.
  •  

16
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • ? The train going 80 mph.
  •  

17
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • The train going 80 mph.
  •  

18
Fragments
  • Look up and say the sentence.
  • The train was going 80 mph.
  •  

19
Fragments
  • Look up and say the sentence.
  • Dont start with that.
  • ? The train going 80 mph.
  •  

20
Fragments
  • Look up and say the sentence.
  • Dont start with that.
  • ? That the train was going 80 mph.
  •  

21
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • The train was going 80 mph.
  •  

22
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • There was a train going 80 mph.
  •  

23
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • I saw a train going 80 mph.
  •  

24
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • You should be able to hear that the syntax
    does not sound natural.
  •  
  •  

25
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • ? Although the apples are ripe.
  •  

26
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • ? If I ask Aunt Isadora.
  •  

27
Fragments
  •  
  •  
  • ? Because babies belch.
  •  

28
Fragments
  •  
  • ? When Wednesday comes.  
  •  

29
Fragment Words
  •  
  • Some words and phrases result in fragments if
    the word is the first word in the breath-unit.
  •  
  • after although
  • as as long as
  • because before
  • during if
  • in order to since
  • so that till
  • though until
  • whenever while

30
Fragment Words
  • During the day

31
Fragment Words
  • After John went home

32
Fragment Words
  • Whenever Jessica studied

33
Fragment Words
  • While Sally built the house

34
Fragment Words
  • Because Bob forgot his wallet

35
Fragment Words
  • Since Bob forgot his wallet

36
Fragment Words
  • Although Fred insists on going

37
Fragment Words
  • As long as Fred insists on going

38
Fragment Words
  • Before Juanita can go

39
Fragment Words
  • If Juanita insists on going

40
Fragment Words
  • So that she would become champion

41
Sentences and Fragments
  • Fragments usually attach to sentences.

42
Sentences and Fragments
  • They can attach at either end of a sentence.  

43
Sentences and Fragments
  • Fragments usually attach to sentences.
  • They can attach at either end.  
  • FRAGMENT
  • Because I forgot my wallet

44
Sentences and Fragments
  • Fragments usually attach to sentences.
  • They can attach at either end.  
  • FRAGMENT
  • Because I forgot my wallet
  • SENTENCE
  • I could not get into the concert.

45
Sentences and Fragments
  • Fragments usually attach to sentences.
  • They can attach at either end.  
  • SENTENCE
  • I could not get into the concert

46
Sentences and Fragments
  • Fragments usually attach to sentences.
  • They can attach at either end.  
  • SENTENCE
  • I could not get into the concert
  • FRAGMENT
  • because I forgot my wallet.

47
Two Ways to Attach Fragments
  •  

48
Two Ways to Attach Fragments
  • COMMA
  •  

49
Two Ways to Attach Fragments
  • COMMA
  •  
  • Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get into
    the concert.

50
Two Ways to Attach Fragments
  • COMMA
  • Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
    into the concert.
  •  
  • NO PUNCTUATION

51
Two Ways to Attach Fragments
  • COMMA
  • Because I forgot my wallet, I could not get
    into the concert.
  •  
  • NO PUNCTUATION
  • I could not get into the
  • concert because I forgot my wallet.

52
Multiple Fragments
  •  
  • Any number of fragments can attach to a
    sentence.

53
Multiple Fragments
  •  
  • Assuming the result makes sense, the whole
    thing becomes a long sentence.

54
Multiple Fragments
  • FRAGMENT
  • Although I had planned on
  • going for months
  •  

55
Multiple Fragments
  • FRAGMENT
  • Although I had planned on going for months
  • SENTENCE
  • I could not get into the rock concert
  •  

56
Multiple Fragments
  • FRAGMENT
  • because I forgot my
    wallet  

57
Multiple Fragments
  • F  
  • Although I had planned on going for months,
  • S
  • I could not get into the rock concert
  • F
  • because I forgot my wallet.

58
Multiple Fragments
  • F S F

59
Sentence Fragment
  •  
  •  
  • F S Sentence

60
Multiple Fragments
  • F  
  • Although I had planned on going for months,
  • S
  • I could not get into the rock concert

61
Sentence Fragment
  •  
  •  
  • S F Sentence

62
Multiple Fragments
  • S
  • I could not get into the rock concert
  • F
  • because I forgot my wallet.

63
S F
  •  
  • Commas a breath or other change of tone.
  •  

64
S F
  •  
  • Commas a breath or other change of tone.
  • No punctuation
  • no breath or other
  • tone-change.
  •  

65
Not sure?
  •  
  •  

66
Not sure?
  •  
  • Breath or change of tone of voice?

67
Not sure?
  • Breath or change of tone of voice?

68
Not sure?
  • Breath or change of tone of voice?
  • No breath or change of tone
  • of voice

69
Not sure?
  • Breath or change of tone of voice?
  • No breath or change of tone
  • of voice

70
Not sure?
  •  
  • When in doubt . . .
  •  

71
Not sure?
  •  
  • When in doubt . . .
  •  

72
Not sure?
  •  
  • When in doubt . . .
  •  
  • leave commas out.

73
Tone-Change Examples
  • No, I cant go out this evening.

74
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • No, I cant go out this evening.

75
Tone-Change Examples
  • F S
  • No, I cant go out this evening.

76
Tone-Change Examples
  • F S
  • No, I cant go out this evening.
  • Formula

77
Tone-Change Examples
  • F S
  • No, I cant go out this evening.
  • Formula
  • F S

78
Tone-Change Examples
  • F S
  • No, I cant go out this evening.
  • Formula
  • F, S

79
Tone-Change Examples
  • I asked Mary to the
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.

80
Tone-Change Examples
  • I asked Mary to the
  • F
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.

81
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • I asked Mary to the
  • F
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.

82
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • I asked Mary to the
  • F
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.
  • Formula

83
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • I asked Mary to the
  • F
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.
  • Formula
  • S F

84
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • I asked Mary to the
  • F
  • prom, although it
  • wasnt until spring.
  • Formula
  • S, F

85
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • during first grade next
  • year, I will send Santa
  • letter, as long as I
  • dont have to be good
  • to get something nice.

86
Tone-Change Examples
  • as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.

87
Tone-Change Examples
  • F
  • as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.

88
Tone-Change Examples
  • I will send Santa a letter

89
Tone-Change Examples
  • S
  • I will send Santa a letter

90
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • during first grade next
  • year

91
Tone-Change Examples
  • F
  • If I can learn to write
  • during first grade next
  • year

92
Tone-Change Examples
  • F
  • If I can learn to write
  • during first grade next
  • S
  • year, I will send Santa
  • F
  • letter, as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.

93
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • F
  • during first grade next
  • S
  • year, I will send Santa
  • F
  • letter, as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.
  • Formula

94
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • F
  • during first grade next
  • S
  • year, I will send Santa
  • F
  • letter, as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.
  • Formula
  • F S F

95
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • F
  • during first grade next
  • S
  • year, I will send Santa
  • F
  • letter, as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.
  • Formula
  • F S, F

96
Tone-Change Examples
  • If I can learn to write
  • F
  • during first grade next
  • S
  • year, I will send Santa
  • F
  • letter, as long as I dont
  • have to be good to get
  • something nice.
  • Formula
  • F, S, F

97
No Tone Change Examples
  • Bill bought a car.
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.

98
No Tone Change Examples
  • Bill bought a car.
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.

99
No Tone Change Examples
  • Bill bought a car.
  • F
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.

100
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Bill bought a car.
  • F
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.

101
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Bill bought a car.
  • F
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.
  • Formula S F

102
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Bill bought a car.
  • F
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.
  • Formula S F
  • Corrected

103
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Bill bought a car.
  • F
  • That had 250,000 miles on it.
  • Formula S F
  • Corrected
  • Bill bought a car that had 250,000 miles on it.

104
No Tone Change Examples
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • With her car.
  •  

105
No Tone Change Examples
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • F
  • With her car.
  •  

106
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • F
  • With her car.
  •  

107
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • F
  • With her car.
  •  
  • Formula S F

108
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • F
  • With her car.
  •  
  • Formula S F
  • Corrected

109
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • Janie ran into a tree.
  • F
  • With her car.
  •  
  • Formula S F
  • Corrected
  • Janie ran into a tree with her car.

110
No Tone Change Examples
  • The teacher was upset.
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

111
No Tone Change Examples
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

112
No Tone Change Examples
  • F
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

113
No Tone Change Examples
  • The teacher was upset.

114
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • The teacher was upset.

115
No Tone Change Examples
  • S
  • The teacher was upset.
  • F
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

116
No Tone Change Examples
  • Formula
  • S
  • The teacher was upset.
  • F
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

117
No Tone Change Examples
  • Formula S F
  • S
  • The teacher was upset.
  • F
  • Because the students
  • had not studied.

118
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • her friend was ill.

119
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

120
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

121
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

122
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

123
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F S F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

124
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F S no F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

125
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F, S no F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

126
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F, S F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play. Because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

127
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F, S F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part.
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

128
Tone Change AND No Tone Change
  • FORMULA F, S F
  • F
  • Although she did
  • not know the part,
  • S
  • Zelda performed in
  • the play because
  • F
  • her friend was ill.

129
Answering Questions
  • We often use fragments when we answer
    questions.
  •  

130
Answering Questions
  • We often use fragments when we answer
    questions.
  •  
  • Where are you going?

131
Answering Questions
  • We often use fragments when we answer
    questions.
  •  
  • Where are you going?
  • To the store.

132
Answering Questions
  • Thats because the question is under-stood as
    part of the answer.
  •  
  • Where are you going?
  • I am going to the store.

133
REVIEW
  • S F
  •  

134
REVIEW
  • F S
  •  

135
REVIEW
  • S F
  • or
  • F S
  •  

136
REVIEW
  • S F
  • or
  • F S
  •  
  • Comma

137
REVIEW
  • S F
  • or
  • F S
  •  
  • Comma
  • or
  • No Punctuation

138
REVIEW
  • S F
  • or
  • F S
  •  
  • When in doubt . . .

139
REVIEW
  • S F
  • or
  • F S
  •  
  • When in doubt, leave commas out.

140
CAUTION
  •  
  • Go by sound, not sight.

141
CAUTION
  •  
  • Read (listen to) the ENTIRE sentence.

142
CAUTION
  •  
  • Above the airplane looked tiny.

143
CAUTION
  •  
  • Above, the airplane looked tiny.

144
CAUTION
  •  
  • Outside the temperature was rapidly falling.

145
CAUTION
  •  
  • Outside, the temperature was rapidly falling.

146
CAUTION
  •  
  • Do not put in commas where there is probably
    no breath or change of tone.

147
CAUTION
  •  
  • Do not put in commas where there is probably
    no breath or change of tone.

148
CAUTION
  •  
  • I found an apartment near the university.

149
CAUTION
  •  NOT
  • I found an apartment, near the university.

150
CAUTION
  •  NOT
  • I found, an apartment near the university.

151
CAUTION
  •  CORRECT
  • I found an apartment near the university.

152
REVIEW
  • S F
  •  
  • sentence

153
REVIEW
  • F S
  •  
  • sentence

154
REVIEW
  • F S F
  •  
  • sentence

155
REVIEW
  • S F F F
  •  
  • sentence
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