LEARNING

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LEARNING

• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• OPERANT CONDITIONING
• COGNITIVE LEARNING

A (NOTES ARE AVAILABLE TO PRINT OUT)
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Fig6_3
07_CLASSICAL CONDITIONING02
PHASE I Before conditioning has occurred
UCS
UCR
(meat powder)
(salivation)
Neutral stimulus
Orienting
(tone)
response
PHASE II The process of conditioning
UCR
followed
UCS
Neutral stimulus
(salivation)
by
(meat powder)
(tone)
PHASE III After conditioning has occurred
CS
CR
(tone)
(salivation)
DELAYED CONDITIONING .5 SECONDS
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Fig6_4
07_03
SALIENCY OF REINFORCERS
Acquisition
Extinction
Strength of CR
Trials
Trials
Time delay
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BASIC PROCESSES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Process
Description
Example
A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
(UCS) are paired. The neutral stimulus becomes a
conditioned stimulus (CS), eliciting a
conditioned response (CR). A conditioned
response is elicited not only by the conditioned
stimulus but also by stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus. Generalization is limited
so that some stimuli similar to the conditioned
stimulus do not elicit the conditioned
response. The conditioned stimulus is presented
alone, without the unconditioned stimulus.
Eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer
elicits the conditioned response.
Acquisition Stimulus generalization Sti
mulus discrimination Extinction
A child learns to fear (conditioned response) the
doctors office (conditioned stimulus) by
associating it with the reflexive emotional
reaction (unconditioned response), to a painful
injection (unconditioned stimulus). A child
fears most doctors offices and places that smell
like them. A child learns that his mothers
doctors office is not associated with the
unconditioned stimulus. A child visits the
doctors office several times for a checkup, but
does not receive a shot. Fear may eventually
cease.
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Fig6_8
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Fig6_10
07_12
PUNISHMENT
Frequency of
Presentation of an
Behavior
behavior decreases
unpleasant stimulus
You touch a hot iron.
You no longer touch
Your hand is burned.
hot irons.
OMISSION
Frequency of
Behavior
Removal of a
behavior decreases
pleasant stimulus
You're careless with
You're not as careless
your ice cream cone.
The ice cream falls on
with the next cone.
the ground.
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InRev5a
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InRev2a
REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT
Concept
Description
Example or Comment
Increasing the frequency of behavior by following
it with the presentation of a positive
reinforcera pleasant, positive stimulus or
experience. Increasing the frequency of behavior
by following it with the removal of a negative
reinforceran unpleasant stimulus or
experience. Learning to make a response that
ends a negative reinforcer. Learning to make a
response that avoids a negative
reinforcer. Decreasing the frequency of
behavior by either presenting an unpleasant
stimulus or removing a pleasant one.
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Escape conditioning Avoidance conditioning
Punishment
Saying Good job after someone works hard to
perform a task. Pressing the mute button on a
TV remote control removes the sound of an
obnoxious commercial. A little boy learns that
crying will cut short the time that he must stay
in his room. You slow your car to the speed
limit when you spot a police car, thus avoiding
arrest and reducing the fear of arrest. Very
resistant to extinction. Swatting the dog after
she steals food from the table, or taking a
favorite toy away from a child who misbehaves. A
number of cautions should be kept in mind before
using punishment.
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Fig6_13
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
1000
Fixed
ratio
Variable
ratio
750
Fixed
interval
Number of responses
500
Variable
interval
250
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time in minutes
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Fig73
LATENT LEARNING
10
8
6
Average errors in the maze
4
2
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
1
Days
No reward
Regularly rewarded
No reward until day 11