Regulations, Standards and Protocols

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Regulations, Standards and Protocols
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RFID systems are Radio Systems

• The function of other radio systems must not be
  disrupted
• Restriction on the range of available frequencies
• ISM (Industrial-Scientific-Medical) frequency
  ranges
• All frequencies below 135 kHz
• ISM frequencies 13.56MHz, 27.125MHz, 40.68MHz,
  433.92 MHz, 890MHz, 915MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8 GHz,
  24.125GHz
• Source RFID Handbook

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Standards

• RFID standards deal with
• the air interface protocol (the way tags and
  readers communicate)
• data content (the way data is organized or
  formatted)
• conformance (ways to test that products meet the
  standard)
• applications (how standards are used on shipping
  labels, for example).

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International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)

• ISO has created standards for tracking animals
  with RFID
• ISO 11784 defines how data is structured on the
  tag.
• ISO 11785 defines the air interface protocol.
• ISO 14223 defines the Advance Transponders
  standard
• ISO has created a standard for the air interface
  protocol for RFID tags used in payment systems
  and contactless smart cards (ISO 14443) and in
  vicinity cards (ISO 15693).
• It also has established standards for testing the
  conformance of RFID tags and readers to a
  standard (ISO 18047), and for testing the
  performance of RFID tags and readers (ISO 18046).
  
• source RFID Journal

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Air-Interface Protocols

• High-frequency (HF) RFID air-interface protocols
  have a single operating frequency (13.56 MHz) but
  none are compatible.
• These protocols include ISO 14443A, ISO 14443B,
  ISO 15693, ISO 18000-3 Mode 2 and EPCglobal HF
  Class 1.
• Each has its own data structures, requires
  infrastructures that are incompatible
• different memory map
• different timing
• This results in a proprietary platform rather
  than a standards-based model.
• Source RFID Journal
• Some ISO Standards

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History of UHF Standards

• The ISO created standards for tracking goods
  through the international supply chain with RFID.
  
• Auto-ID Center, which developed Electronic
  Product Code technologies, created its own air
  interface protocol for tracking goods through the
  international supply chain.
• The Auto-ID Center developed its own protocol and
  licensed it to EPCglobal on the condition that it
  be available royalty-free.
• In 2004, EPCglobal began developing a
  second-generation protocol Gen 2, which would not
  be backward compatible with earlier Class 1 or
  Class 0.
• EPCglobal's Gen 2 standard could be submitted to
  ISO under 18000-6, but it's not clear when that
  will happen or how quickly it will be approved
• Source RFID Journal

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UHF Gen 2

• RFID's only worldwide standard
• With UHF Gen 2, reader and tag manufacturers have
  products that operate at all regional UHF
  frequencies using the same communications
  protocol.
• Features secure memory modules and the ability to
  permanently kill a tag.
• The whole story