Public Administration

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Public Administration

• 3.2 Defensible Space A New Physical
  Planning Tool for the Urban Revitalization

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What is defensible space?
What does defensible space associate with?
What could defensible could be?
definition
supposition
association
Defensible Space
relationship
How is defensible space related to PA?
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Association
military
brick walls
Defensible Space
barred windows
high fences
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• Defensible space is the area between a house and
  an oncoming wildfire where the vegetation has
  been modified to reduce the wildfire threat and
  to provide an opportunity for firefighters to
  effectively defend the house. Sometimes, a
  defensible space is simply a homeowners properly
  maintained backyard.

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Oscar Newman His Concept
Oscar Newman is an registered architect and city
planner, known internationally for his work in
community planning, assisted housing, crime
prevention, and racial integration.
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Oscar Newmans Defensible Space Concept

• Why is the term defensible space used by Oscar
  Newman?
• What is it used for by him ?
• How did it evolve?
• How does he prove that his defensible space
  concept could work?

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Evolution of Defensible Space Concept
Pruitt-Igoe and Carr Square Village
row-house complex
high-rise public housing
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Pruitt-Igoe ???-???

• What is Pruitt-Igoe housing project?
• What plagued Pruitt-Igoe?
• Why was it torn down some ten years after its
  construction?
• What is it viewed as nowadays? Why?

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Carr Square Village

• Why could it remain fully occupied and
  trouble-free throughout construction, occupancy,
  and decline of Pruitt-Igoe?
• What enabled Carr Square Village to survive while
  Pruitt-Igoe fell apart?

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Three Projects
Five Oaks
Clason Point
Yonkers
The stabilization of half-square-mile, racially
and economically changing, inner city
neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio.
The modification of a public housing project to
stimulate proprietary attitudes in residents in
the South Bronx, New York
The integration of public housing welfare
residents into white middle-class neighborhoods
in Yonkers, New York
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What is defensible space?

• subdivides large portions of public spaces and
  assigns them to individuals and small groups to
  use and control as their own private areas.
• gives low-income families a self-respect they
  never had before and an opportunity to become
  part of the social mainstream.
• gives people a new respect for the work and
  territory of others by giving them territory of
  their own to prize and to wish to see respected.

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What is defensible space?

• relies on self-help rather than on government
  intervention.
• depends on resident involvement to reduce crime
  and remove the presence of criminals.
• maintains racial and economic integration
• stimulates private reinvestment

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Word Association
walkups
public housing
ghetto slum inner city council house
housing
highrises
row house
townhouse terraced house
chateaux
castle
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Word Grouping

• public housing ??
• Housing that is built, operated, and owned by
  a government and that is typically provided at
  nominal rent to the needy. ???????????????????????
  ?

• slum ???
• A heavily populated urban area characterized
  by substandard housing and squalor.
  ?????????,?????????????????

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Word Grouping

• inner city ???

the part near the middle of a city, especially
where the buildings are in a bad condition and
the people are poor

• ghetto (????????)???
• a part of a city where people of a
  particular race or class, especially people who
  are poor, live separately from the rest of the
  people in the city. This word is sometimes
  considered offensive. Inner city is now more
  common than ghetto.

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Collocation
district
blocks
apartment building
high-rise
flats
development
buildings
housing
project
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buildings
exterior areas
interior areas
grounds streets parking lots play areas
lobbies stairs corridors elevators laundry
rooms storage garbage (chute)
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Word Group
Similar/related words

• deteriorate/go to pot/decline/fall apart/come
  apart
• pockets/enclaves
• complex/development/community/project
• revitalize/rehabilitate/retrain/retribution
• trouble-free/crime-free

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Discussion

• Pruitt-Igoe Carr Square Village
• The whole development of Pruitt-Igoe occasional
  pockets
• high-rise apartments for higher-income families
  public housing
• St. Louis chateaux

Compare these buildings/places and list the
similarity dissimilarity between them to see
what lies behind the decline/survival of them.
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Oral/Written Report

• Make a survey in your city to see whether there
  are such buildings as Pruiit Igoe or Carr Square
  village.
• Make a case study of these buildings to find out
  the reasons for their decline or survival (attach
  pictures)
• Solutions (whether Newmans defensible space can
  work or not)

Write a report on your case study.
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Language points

• 1. yield to ???,???, ??
• e.g.
• The hijackers refuse to yield to demands to
  release the passengers.
• Further action may be necessary if the leaders do
  not yield to diplomatic pressure .
• This is not a reason why district ethics
  committees should yield to pressure to abdicate
  their responsibilities to local citizens.

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Language points

• 2. deteriorate ? to become worse
• e.g.
• It was a marriage made in heaven that seemed to
  deteriorate to hell in a hurry.
• Some of the vacant buildings may have
  deteriorated to such a condition that restoration
  costs would be prohibitive.
• During the hearing the court received information
  that W.'s condition had deteriorated to a serious
  extent.
• Noun deterioration

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Language points

• 3. salvageable  capable of being saved from
  ruin

salvage v. ? to save something from an
accident or bad situation in which other things
have already been damaged, destroyed, or lost
e.g. Retailing and tourism can't salvage an
ailing economy. The one real consolation that
could be salvaged from the whole sorry affair was
that the system had worked in the end.
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Language points

• 4. sea change a marked transformation
• e.g.
• One effect of this sea change in the way the
  world works is the diminishing value of manual
  labor.
• If the Court holds fast to its abnegation of this
  traditional role, it could mark a sea change in
  federal-state relations.

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Language points

• 5. revitalize
• ? to put new strength or power into something
  e.g.
• The attempt to revitalize shareholder democracy
  in this fashion is doomed to failure in the large
  public company.
• Building there, he said, would encourage
  redevelopment of aging city blocks and revitalize
  the area.
• They hope to revitalize the neighborhood by
  providing better housing.
• synonym revive n. --
  revitalization

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Language points

• 6. retribution
• ?severe punishment for something very serious
• e.g.
• Employees need to be able to express their
  feelings without fear of retribution.
• Some officials felt that the bombings were
  retribution for the killing of the hijackers.
• The earthquake was seen by some people as divine
  retribution.

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Language points

• cf redistribution
• the act of redistributing something,
  especially money or land
• e.g.
• One significant cause has been a redistribution
  of income towards richer people on a scale
  without parallel this century.
• Policies of economic redistribution to the less
  well off met with resistance from skilled workers
  at a time of low economic growth.
• Servicing private capital in this way is usually
  a matter of job redistribution rather than job
  creation.

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Language points

• 7. address
• if you address a problem, you start trying to
  solve it
• e.g.
• These protections addressed issues ranging from
  the death penalty and homosexual rights to term
  limits, campaign-finance reform, and
  congressional redistricting.
• At a minimum, they can force the issue back on to
  the political agenda and make Republicans
  publicly address the subject again.
• As to serious and organised crime, in the 1990s
  we must address the subject of police structure
  with greater enthusiasm.

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Language points

• 8. high rise adj.
• high-rise buildings are tall buildings with
  many levels
• high-rise blocks
  high-rise district
• high-rise apartment building high-rise
  flats
• Residents can do nothing with high-rise buildings
  once they are completed.
• Lord James Douglas-Hamilton My right hon. Friend
  takes the question of security in high-rise
  housing very seriously.

Antonym low rise
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Language points

• 9. go to pot (informal)
• ?if something such as a place or an
  organization goes to pot, it becomes much worse
  or fails because no one is taking care of it
• e.g.
• Montreal was powdering its face and putting on
  lipstick while infrastructure was going to pot.
• My God, they've really let the house go to pot.
• Many people's good intentions go to pot as Ian
  Cocking does the work virtually single handed.

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Language points

• 10. vandalize
• to damage or destroy things deliberately,
  especially public property
• e.g.
• All the public telephones in the area had been
  vandalized.
• They would not have to worry about their car
  being vandalized or stolen from a car park.
• In comments to the media, Riggs had said
  protesters vandalized his office and assaulted
  his employees.
• n. vandalism

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Language points

• 11. occupancy
• ?the number of people who stay, work, or
  live in a room or building at the same time
• e.g.
• The occupancy rate of the hotel had dropped to
  about one in four rooms last year.
• In terms of housing standards and occupancy
  rates, conditions have improved considerably
  during the course of this century.
• Extra beds in studios and apartments are often
  required to be moved between units according to
  occupancy levels.

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Language points

• occupant
• someone who lives in a house, room etc
• Occupants of the building are understandably
  upset about the high-rise going up next door.
• Police are still trying to trace the occupants of
  the house which was destroyed by fire.
• synonym resident

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Language points

• 12. tear down phrasal verb
• ?to destroy a building deliberately
• e.g.
• Some of the oldest blocks had already been
  torn down with the promise that new,
  moderate-income housing would be put up.
• Thousands of other business buildings and homes
  have been strengthened or, in some cases, torn
  down as unsafe.

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Language points

• 13. identify
• identify with (phrasal verb)
• to think that someone is very closely
  related to or involved with something
• Otherwise, polluters identified with specific
  sites had to pay the entire cost of those sites'
  cleanup themselves.
• That politician is too closely identified with
  the former government to become a minister in
  ours.
• We can all identify with these people in their
  desire for freedom and independence.

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Language points

• identify
• to recognize something or discover exactly
  what it is, what its nature or origin is etc
• e.g.
• Researchers have identified the substances
  which can cause allergies.
• The airline says it will be difficult to
  identify all the bodies retrieved from the crash.
• An element of public accountability can also be
  identified in the recurrent attentions of elected
  Members of Parliament.

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Language points

• 14. demarcate
• ?to decide or mark the limits of an area,
  system etc
• e.g.
• The police demarcated the city into eighteen
  geographical divisions, the gangs and races into
  thousands.
• The retained building, says Farrell, performs an
  urban function in demarcating two distinct zones
  within the square.

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Language points

• 15. given prep.
• ?taking something into account
• Given the circumstances, you've done really well.
• Given the number of people we invited, I'm
  surprised so few came.
• Given that the patients have some disabilities,
  we still try to enable them to be as independent
  as possible.

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Language points

• 16. exclusive
• available or belonging only to particular
  people, and not shared
• e.g.
• In a Roman view ownership meant the unconditional
  and exclusive use of property by the individual.
• Directors were given the exclusive right to
  manage the day-to-day business of the company.

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Language points

• 17. oblivious
• not knowing about or not noticing something
  that is happening around you
• oblivious of/to
• It ran across my screen on its own free will,
  oblivious to my commands.
• He appeared totally oblivious of her presence and
  didn't even look up as far as she was aware.
• synonym unaware

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Pruitt-Igoe ???-???

• ?????1972?7?15???3?32?(????????)??????????????
  ???????coup de grace,?????????????-?????(Pruitt-Ig
  oe Scheme,?????????????????),???????????????????
  ???????????????,????,????,???????,???????????????
  ?????????????????????????,???????????????????????,
  ????????? ??,????????????????????????????????,?
  ?????????????,?????????????