The Human Organism

1
Chapter 1

• The Human Organism

2
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy Scientific discipline that investigates
  the bodys structure
• Physiology Scientific investigation of the
  processes or functions of living things

3
Topics of Anatomy

• Gross or macroscopic Structures examined
  without a microscope
• Regional Studied area by area
• Systemic Studied system by system
• Surface External form and relation to deeper
  structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic Structures seen with the microscope
• Cytology Cellular anatomy
• Histology Study of tissues

4
Topics of Physiology

• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Consider operations of specific organ systems
• Cell physiology Examines processes in cells
• Neurophysiology Focuses on the nervous system
• Pathology
• Exercise Physiology

5
Structural Functional Organizations

• Chemical level
• Atoms
• Molecules
• Cellular Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• Organ System Level

6
Structural Functional Organizations
7
Organ Systems of the Body
8
Organ Systems of the Body
9
Organ Systems of the Body
10
Organ Systems of the Body
11
Characteristics of Life

• Organization Condition in which there are
  specific relationships and functions
• Metabolism All chemical reactions of the body
• Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and
  adjust
• Growth
• Development Changes over time
• Differentiation Change from general to
  specific
• Morphogenesis Change in shape of tissues,
  organs
• Reproduction New cells versus organisms

12
Homeostasis

• Values of variables fluctuate around the set
  point to establish a normal range of values
• Set Point The ideal
• normal value of a variable
• What is the set point for
• body temperature?

13
Negative Feedback
14
Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise

• Deviation from the usual range of values helps
  meet changing demands

15
Positive Feedback

• Positive Feedback When a deviation occurs,
  response is to make deviation greater
• Leads away from homeostasis
• Can result in death

16
Terminology and Body Plan

• Anatomical Position
• Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms
  face forward
• Other Body Positions
• Supine lying face upward
• Prone lying face downward
• Directional Terms
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior versus Posterior
• Medial versus Lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep

17
Directional Terms
18
Body Parts and Regions
19
Body Parts and Regions
20
Body Planes

• Sagittal / Midsagittal / Median
• Frontal or Coronal
• Transverse / Cross
• Oblique Other than at a right angle

21
Body Cavities
22
Abdominal Subdivisions
23
Serous Membranes

• Cover the organs of trunk cavities line them
• Parietal lines cavity walls
• Visceral covers organs
• Serous fluid secreted for lubrication by
  membranes
• Named for their specific cavity organs
• Pericardium refers to heart
• Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
• Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
• Inflammation of the serous membranes

24
Serous Membranes
25
Serous Membranes
26
Medical Imaging - Clinical Focus

• X-Ray or radiograph is shadowy negative of
  internal body structures
• CT or computed tomography is refined version of
  an x-ray and slices body
• DSR or dynamic spatial reconstruction is three
  dimensional imaging and allows movement
• DSA or Digital Subtraction Angiography is
  comparison of radiographs with and without dye.
  Used often in blood vessel studies.
• Sonography or ultrasound is inexpensive and safer
  than ionizing radiation
• MRI or magnetic resonance imaging produces
  high-contrast imaging of soft tissues
• PET or Positron emission tomographic scan is used
  to study active cells