Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter
Ordinary solid salt is a compound but not a
molecule. It is built from interpenetrating
lattices of sodium and chloride ions that extend
indefinitely.
This well-known molecule is a compound because
it contains more than one element.
A molecule but not a compound Ozone, O3, is not
a compound because it contains only a single
element.
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MATTER
yes
no
Can it be physically separated?
MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCE
no
yes
no
yes
Can it be chemically decomposed?
Is the composition uniform?
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
Colloids
Suspensions
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Both elements and compounds have a definite
makeup and definite properties.
Elements only one kind of atom atoms are bonded
it the element is diatomic or polyatomic
Compounds two or more kinds of atoms that
are bonded
Mixtures two or more substances that
are physically mixed
two or more kinds of and
substance with definite makeup and properties
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS
Globe, page (Figure 2.4.1)
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Matter Flowchart

• Examples
• graphite
• pepper
• sugar (sucrose)
• paint
• soda

element
hetero. mixture
compound
hetero. mixture
solution homo. mixture
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Pure Substances

• Element
• composed of identical atoms
• EX copper wire, aluminum foil

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Pure Substances

• Compound
• composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
  elements
• EX table salt (NaCl)

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Pure Substances

• Law of Definite Composition
• A given compound always contains the same, fixed
  ratio of elements.
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Elements can combine in different ratios to form
  different compounds.

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Pure Substances

• For example

Two different compounds, each has a definite
composition.
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Mixtures

• Variable combination of two or more pure
  substances.

Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
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Mixtures

• Solution
• homogeneous
• very small particles
• no Tyndall effect

• particles dont settle
• EX rubbing alcohol

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Mixtures

• Colloid
• heterogeneous
• medium-sized particles
• Tyndall effect
• particles dont settle
• EX milk

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Mixtures

• Suspension
• heterogeneous
• large particles
• Tyndall effect
• particles settle
• EX fresh-squeezed lemonade

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Mixtures

• Examples
• mayonnaise
• muddy water
• fog
• saltwater
• Italian salad dressing

colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
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Classification of Matter
Materials
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Substance
Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture
Element
Compound
Solution
Mixture
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course,
1990, page 43
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Classification of Matter
MATTER (gas. Liquid, solid, plasma)
Separated by
PURE SUBSTANCES
MIXTURES
physical means into
Separated by
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
ELEMENTS
COMPOUNDS
chemical means into
Kotz Treichel, Chemistry Chemical Reactivity,
3rd Edition , 1996, page 31
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Classification of Matter
hetero- geneous mixture
no
uniform properties?
no
solution
fixed composition?
no
element
chemically decomposable?
yes
compound
http//antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matte
r/slides/sld003.htm
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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
oxygen atoms
hydrogen atoms
hydrogen atoms
(b) a compound (water)
(c) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen)
(d) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen)
(a) an element (hydrogen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of
Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
oxygen atoms
hydrogen atoms
hydrogen atoms
(b) a compound (water)
(c) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen)
(d) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen)
(a) an element (hydrogen)
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of
Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
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Mixture vs. Compound
Alike
Different
Different
Involve substances
Fixed Composition
Variable Composition
Topic
Topic
Bonds between components
No bonds between components
Contain two or more elements
Mixture
Compound
Can ONLY be separated by chemical means
Can be separated by physical means
Can be separated into elements
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Compounds vs. Mixtures

• Compounds have properties that are uniquely
  different from the elements from which they are
  made.
• A formula can always be written for a compound
• e.g. NaCl ? Na Cl2
• Mixtures retain their individual properties.
• e.g. Salt water is salty and wet

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Classifying Matter
Classifying  Matter
Classifying  Matter
Keys
http//www.unit5.org/chemistry/Matter.html
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Diatomic Elements, 1 and 7
H2
N2
O2
F2
Cl2
Br2
F2
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Products made from Sulfur
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Products made from Sulfur
SULFURIC ACID 88
Superphosphates Ammonium phosphate
Ammonium sulfate Mixed fertilizers
CARBONDISULFIDE 3
GROUND DEFINED 3
Magazines and printing papers Writing and fine
papers Wrapping and bag papers Sanitary and
tissue papers Absorbent papers
Containers and boxes Newsprint Pulp for rayon and
film
Autos Appliances Tin and other containers Galvaniz
ed products
PULP 3
IRON STEEL 1
OTHER INDUSTRIES 6
Rayon Cellophane Carbon Tetrachloride Ruber
processing chemicals
OTHER 3
CHEMICAL 17
RAYON FILM 3
TITANIUM AND OTHER PIGMENTS 5
NONACID 12
PETROLEUM 2
Explosives Nonferrous metals
Synthetic rubber Storage
batteries Textile finishing
Tire cords Viscose textiles
Acetate textiles
Blended fabrics
Cellophane
Photographic
film
Insecticides Fungicides Rubber vulcanizing Soil
sulfur
Synthetic
detergents Feed
additives Anti-knock
gasoline Synthetic
resins Protective coating
Dyestuffs Oil well
acidizing Petroleum catalysts
Specialty
steels
Magnessium Leather
processing Photography Dyestuffs
Bleaching
Soybean extraction
Aluminum reduction Paper sizing Water
treatment Pharmaceuticals Insecticides Antifreeze
Paints and enamels Linoleum and coated
fabrics Paper Printing inks
Aviation Gasoline Lubricants
Other
Refinery
products
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• Rhombic sulfur
• Brimstone (when molten)
• Polyatomic (S8)
• Forms SO2
• Amorphous sulfur
• (without shape)

Sulfur
The sudden cooling of m-sulfur produces
amorphous sulfur.
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Amorphous (Glass)
Crystalline
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The Haber Process
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Matter
Physically separable
Substance Definite composition (homogeneous)
Mixture of Substances Variable composition
Chemically separable
Element (Examples iron, sulfur, carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, silver)
Compound (Examples water. iron (II) sulfide,
methane, Aluminum silicate)
Homogeneous mixture Uniform throughout, also
called a solution (Examples air, tap
water, gold alloy)
Heterogeneous mixture Nonuniform distinct
phases (Examples soup, concrete, granite)
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The Organization of Matter
MATTER
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
Physical methods
PURE SUBSTANCES
ELEMENTS
COMPOUNDS
Chemical methods
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 41
30
Top Ten Elements in the Universe

• Percent
• Element (by atoms)
• Hydrogen 73.9
• Helium 24.0
• Oxygen 1.1
• Carbon 0.46
• Neon 0.13
• Iron 0.11
• Nitrogen 0.097
• Silicon 0.065
• Magnesium 0.058
• Sulfur 0.044

A typical spiral galaxy (Milky Way is a spiral
galaxy)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 26
31
The Composition of Air
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Helium
Air
Neon
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Argon
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 34
32
Chart Examining Some Components of Air
Nitrogen consists of molecules consisting of two
atoms of nitrogen Oxygen consists of
molecules consisting of two atoms of
oxygen Water consists of molecules consisting
of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom Argon consists of individual argon
atoms Carbon dioxide consists of molecules
consisting of two oxygen atoms and one carbon
atom Neon consists of individual neon
atoms Helium consists of individual helium
atoms
N2
O2
H2O
Ar
CO2
Ne
He
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry
2002, page 35
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Reviewing ConceptsClassifying Matter

• Why does every sample of a given substance have
  the same properties?
• Explain why the composition of an element is
  fixed.
• Describe the composition of a compound.
• Why can the properties of a mixture vary?
• On what basis can mixtures be classified as
  solutions, suspensions, or colloids?