Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter
MATTER

• I. Composition of Matter
• Matter Flowchart
• Pure Substances
• Mixtures

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A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes
no
Can it be separated by physical means?
Homogeneous Mixture (solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Compound
Element
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B. Pure Substances

• Element
• matter composed of identical atoms
• EX copper

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Periodic Table of Elements
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B. Pure Substances

• Compound/ Molecule
• matter composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed
  ratio
• properties differ from those of individual
  elements
• chemically combined
• EX salt (NaCl) or water (H2O)

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Chemical Formulas

• Shows how many atoms of each element are in the
  substance.
• Example C16H10N2O2 is a blue dye.
• The number of atoms of each element is written
  after the elements symbol as a subscript.
• If only one atom is present, no subscript is
  needed.

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Chemical Formulas

• You try.
• C12H22O11
• How many atoms of each element are in this
  formula?
• C is for carbon.
• H is for hydrogen.
• O is for oxygen.

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C. Mixtures

• Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

• Homogeneous Mixture (Solution)
• even distribution of components
• very small particles
• particles never settle
• EX saline solution

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C. Mixtures

• Heterogeneous Mixture
• uneven distribution of components
• Can physically separate
• Colloids and Suspensions
• EX granite

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C. Mixtures

• Colloid
• medium-sized particles
• Tyndall effect - particles scatter light (looks
  cloudy)
• particles never settle
• EX milk

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C. Mixtures

• Suspension
• large particles
• particles scatter light
• particles will settle (needs to be shaken)
• EX fresh-squeezed lemonade

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Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy

• Mass cannot be created nor destroyed
• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed it can be
  transformed or transferred to other forms of
  energy.

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Solids, Liquids, Gases

• MATTER

• I. States of Matter
• Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Four States of Matter
• Thermal Expansion

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A. Kinetic Molecular Theory

• KMT
• Tiny, constantly moving particles make up all
  matter.
• The kinetic energy (motion) of these particles
  increases as temperature increases.

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B. Four States of Matter

• Solids
• low KE - particles vibrate but cant move around
• definite shape volume
• crystalline - repeating geometric pattern
• amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

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B. Four States of Matter

• Liquids
• higher KE - particles can move around but are
  still close together
• indefinite shape
• definite volume

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B. Four States of Matter

• Gases
• high KE - particles can separate and move
  throughout container
• indefinite shape volume

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B. Four States of Matter

• Plasma
• very high KE - particles collide with enough
  energy to break into charged particles (/-)
• gas-like, indefiniteshape volume
• stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, TV tubes

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C. Thermal Expansion

• Most matter expands when heated contracts when
  cooled.
• ? Temp causes ? KE. Particles collide with more
  force spread out.
• EX thermostats (bimetallic strip)

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Solids, Liquids, Gases

• MATTER

• II. Changes in State
• Phase Changes
• Heating Curves

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A. Phase Changes

• Melting
• solid to liquid
• Freezing
• liquid to solid
• melting point freezing point

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A. Phase Changes

• Vaporization (boiling)
• liquid to gas at the boiling point
• Evaporation
• liquid to gas below the boiling point
• Condensation
• gas to liquid

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A. Phase Changes

• Sublimation
• solid to gas
• EX dry ice, freeze drying, iodine

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A. Phase Changes
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B. Heating Curves

• Kinetic Energy
• motion of particles
• related to temperature
• Potential Energy
• space between particles
• related to phase changes

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B. Heating Curves
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B. Heating Curves

• Heat of Fusion
• energy required to change from solid to liquid
• some attractive forces are broken

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B. Heating Curves

• Heat of Vaporization
• energy required to change from liquid to gas
• all attractive forces are broken
• EX steam burns, sweating, and the drinking bird

• HEATING CURVE

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Classification of Matter
MATTER

• II. Describing Matter
• Physical Property
• Physical Change
• Chemical Change
• Chemical Property

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A. Physical Property

• A characteristic of a substance that can be
  observed without changing its identity.
• can be used to separate mixtures
• EX magnetism, density

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B. Physical Change

• A change in the form of a substance without
  changing its identity.
• properties remain the same
• reversible
• can be used to separate mixtures
• EX dissolving, grinding

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C. Chemical Change

• A change in the identity of a substance.
• properties change
• irreversible
• Signs color change, formation of a gas/solid,
  release of light/heat
• EX burning, rusting

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D. Chemical Property

• A characteristic that indicates whether a
  substance can undergo a specific chemical change.
• EX flammability, reactivity