NASA

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Spitzer
Chandra
NASAs Great Observatories an astronomical
Mount Rushmore
Compton
Hubble
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Gains in orbit

• No atmospheric blurring
• Wider accessible wavelength range
• Instrumental stability
• No clouds/daylight (timing)

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HUBBLE
Past future?
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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies

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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies
• Hubble constant from Cepheid variable stars

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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies
• Hubble constant from Cepheid variable stars
• Black holes in (almost all) galactic nuclei

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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies
• Hubble constant from Cepheid variable stars
• Black holes in (almost all) galactic nuclei
• Protoplanetary material near young stars

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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies
• Hubble constant from Cepheid variable stars
• Black holes in (almost all) galactic nuclei
• Protoplanetary material near young stars
• Gravitational lenses

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Some HST Science highlights

• Structures of distant galaxies
• Hubble constant from Cepheid variable stars
• Black holes in (almost all) galactic nuclei
• Protoplanetary material near young stars
• Gravitational lenses
• Intergalactic gas and its history
• Stuff scattered all the way through the textbooks

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And just lately

• Planets in middle-aged star clusters
• GOODS
• Nearby galaxy cluster surveys
• Host galaxies and scattered quasar light

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Supernova progenitor in M51
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(Li et al.)
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Gravitational microlensing in NGC 3314
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Instrument history

• 1990 FGS HSP FOS GHRS FOC
  WF/PC
• 1993 FGS CoSTAR FOS GHRS FOC WFPC2
• FGS CoSTAR NICMOS STIS FOC WFPC2
• 2002 FGS CoSTAR NICMOS STIS ACS WFPC2
• 2008? COS, WFC3

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Hubble status, August 2006

• Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph dead
• (only high-res/small-region spectrometer)
• 3 of 6 gyros (RSUs) functional (3 normally
  needed, 2-gyro mode now in use with restricted
  pointing)
• Battery capacity decreasing (useless circa 2010)
• Estimated 50 failure time on above 2008
• Instrument/transmitter power cycling now reduced
  by rescheduling/eliminating parallel imaging
• Advanced Camera suffered power-supply short, now
  operating normally on redundant components

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Shuttle status

• Safe haven would mean standby orbiter
• Limited remaining flights earmarked to ISS
• Need for independent orbital inspection
• Will Hubble be a victim of the Vision?
• Orbital mechanics 28.5-degree inclination,
  getting heaviest payloads highest from Cape
  Canaveral, restricts options now

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Servicing non-options

• Prohibitive energy requirements to co-orbit with
  ISS in reach of astronauts
• 28-degree orbit out of reach from Baikonur
• Ion thrusters would take the whole estimated
  telescope lifetime for orbit change
• 2015-30 estimated deorbit without boosting

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Final (SM4) servicing mission

• 2 STS flights have had acceptable foam shedding
• COS, WFC3, STIS repair, batteries, gyros
• Now manifested as STS-125 (last non-ISS flight)
• Deorbit module status unclear
• Target early 2008

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Next up JWST
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James Webb Space Telescope

• Launch 2013, on Ariane V, to L2 region
• 6.5m deployable primary
• 0.6-20 microns (far red to mid-IR)
• Key problems formation of galaxies, first stars,
  maybe planets
• Spacecraft weight/mirror area ratio roughly that
  of Hubble mirror alone!

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Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
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Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory

• Deployed April 1991 by Atlantis crew. Deorbited
  mid-2000.
• Distribution, distance of gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma-ray blazars, relativistic beaming
• Microquasars
• Radioisotopes in interstellar medium
• Successors Swift, INTEGRAL, GLAST

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And at other wavelengths
Chandra and its complement XMM-Newton
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The galactic-center black hole and its attendants
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Hot gas between galaxies
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The chemistry of a supernova
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Fireball impact in Supernova 1987A
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The history of black holes a Chandra deep field
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Strong evidence for dark matter
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Bullet galaxy cluster 1E0657-56
Optical Hubble/Magellan
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Blue dark matter from lensing
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Pink hot gas from Chandra
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Spitzer Space Telescope
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Spitzer Space Telescope

• Warm launch, radiative cooling
• Cryogen management, 3 years of 5 so far
• Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit
• 2 cameras, 2 spectrographs, 3.6-160 mm
• Shortest-wavelength cameras could operate
  indefinitely

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Temperatures of extrasolar planets
Direct detection of IR from two hot Jupiters
during eclipses, two wavelengths give temperature
estimates
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Looking into dusty star cradles
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Distant galaxy clusters the most massive
galaxies formed quickly and simultaneously
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Across the spectrum -
now FarIR MidIR nearIR opt UV farUV X-ray
gamma
GALEX
INTEGRAL
Spitzer
FUSE
WMAP
Hubble
Chandra
Akari
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Multispectral Greatest Hits

• Intergalactic gas
• Starburst galaxies
• High-redshift galaxies
• Evaporating planets
• Protoplanetary disks
• Growth of black holes
• Complexity of stardeath

• Gamma-ray bursts
• Supernova chemistry
• Quasar jets
• Stripped galaxies
• Pregalactic lumps
• Galaxy history
• Relativistic jets

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A panchromatic view -spiral galaxy M81
ROSAT GALEX Kitt Peak Spitzer VLA
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A new Universe to explore

• The full electromagnetic spectrum
• Open international competition for observations
• Public data archives (without mailing tapes!)
• The beginnings of the Virtual Observatory
• But astronomers think about facilities
  differently from NASA and ESA

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More just as great

• ESAs XMM-Newton
• Practically everybodys INTEGRAL
• On the runway SOFIA
• Almost on the pad ESAs Herschel
• And of course NASA/ESA JWST
• On the ground and meant to stay there ALMA, GMT,
  LSMT, ELT, OWL

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SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy) NASA/DLR
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International Gamma-Ray Laboratory (INTEGRAL)
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It really is international ESA mission Russian
launch NASA communication
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Al-26 mass 2.8 solar masses Massive SN rate
1.9/century
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ESA Herschel Space Telescope 3.5m Far-IR
optimized Ariane 5 launch (w/Planck) 2007? L2
halo orbit
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Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)
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GLAST burst monitors at MSFC right before
shipping to Phoenix for integration
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Across the spectrum -
soon FarIR MidIR nearIR opt UV farUV X-ray
gamma
INTEGRAL
JWST
GALEX?
GLAST
Spitzer
FUSE?
Swift
Planck
Hubble?
Chandra and XMM
SIM? TPF?
Herschel