Biology State Test Review

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Biology State Test Review
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Biology - the study of life
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Science of Nature

• Competency 1

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Characteristics of Life

• Properties of Life
• 1. Cells2. Organization3. Metabolism4.
  Homeostasis5. Heredity6. Responsiveness7.
  Growth

• Themes that Unify Biology
• 1. Cell Structure and Function2. Reproduction3.
  Metabolism4. Homeostasis5. Heredity6.
  Evolution7. Interdependence (ecology)

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Vocabulary

• Cell - smallest unit capable of life functions
  (basic unit of life)
• Metabolism - the sum of all chemical reactions,
  metabolism refers to a living organism's ability
  to consume and use energy (from food or from the
  sun)
• Reproduction - the process by which organisms
  make more of their own kind (2 kinds)
• Homeostasis - maintaining stable internal
  conditions (biological balance)
• Heredity - the passing of traits from parents to
  offspring. The unit of heredity is the GENE -
  which codes for a trait. When a gene changes, it
  is called a MUTATION
• Evolution - change of a species over time.
  NATURAL SELECTION is the mechanism by which this
  change occurs
• Ecology - the study of interactions of organisms
  between each other and with their environment

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The Scientific Method

• Scientists use to solve problems

Scientific Process State the Question Hypothesis
(prediction) Experimentation Analyze
Data Conclusion Theory
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Hypothesis

• A testable statement, educated guess, predicting
  the outcome - can be shown to be true or false by
  experimenting or observation.
• Examples
• Good
• 1. Plants will grow taller when given Miracle
  Grow.2. Girls will score higher on math tests
  than boys.3. Hermit crabs choose colorful shells
  over drab shells.
• Bad
• 1. Plants will grow better when given Miracle
  Grow.2. Girls are smarter than boys.3. Hermit
  crabs like colorful shells.

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Experiment

• A planned procedure designed to test the
  hypothesis.
• Controlled Experiment compares a control group
  to an experimental group
• Experimental Group -receives some kind of
  treatment or condition Control Group - receives
  no treatment, used to compare

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Experimental Design

• Hypothesis Plants will grow taller when given
  Miracle Grow.
• Plants A B are both given the same amount of
  light, water, and are stored at the same
  temperature. Plant A is given Miracle Grow.

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Experimental Variables

• All the variables are kept constant except the
  one you are testing (constant or controlled
  variable)
• Independent Variable - the factor you change
  (manipulate), what you do to your exp. group.
  (Miracle Grow)Dependent Variable - what happens
  as a result of that treatment, what you are
  measuring (height of plant)

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Collecting Data

• A scientist carefully collects and organizes data
  from the experiment. Data should always be
  presented in a neat fashion, usually tables or
  graphs.

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Data Table Example
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Graph

• Data can be powerfully displayed as a graph

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Conclusions

• Based on the data, a scientist then determines
  whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted.
  Be careful here, scientists usually don't use the
  word "prove" because there are no absolutes in
  science. Science is subject to change when new
  evidence is found. And while experimentation and
  observations can provide strong evidence for a
  conclusion, it is not absolute proof.

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What is a Theory?

• An explanation for natural events that is based
  on a large number of observations.
• Theories must explain a wide range of
  observations
• Theories must be falsifiable
• Theories can be changed if new evidence presents
  itself

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Microscope

• Types of Microscopes
• Light Microscope - the models found in most
  schools, use compound lenses and light to magnify
  objects. The lenses bend or refract the light,
  which makes the object beneath them appear
  closer.
• Scanning Electron Microscope - allow scientists
  to view a universe too small to be seen with a
  light microscope. SEMs donÕt use light waves
  they use electrons (negatively charged electrical
  particles) to magnify objects up to two million
  times.
• Transmission Electron Microscope - also uses
  electrons, but instead of scanning the surface
  (as with SEM's) electrons are passed through very
  thin specimens.

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Parts of the Microscope
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Magnification

• Your microscope has 3 magnifications Scanning,
  Low and High. Each objective will have written
  the magnification. In addition to this, the
  ocular lens (eyepiece) has a magnification.
• The total magnification is the ocular x objective

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Safety Symbols
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• Lab
• Equipment

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Microscope Parts - Review