Standards

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EMS Environmental Management Schemes
Many organisations choose to operate in-house, or
informal, EMSs to manage their environmental
impacts. Others use the recognised worldwide
standard ISO 14001, or go on to achieve a higher
standard through the EU Eco-Management and Audit
Scheme (EMAS). EMAS requires, for example, legal
compliance, independent verification and public
access to company environmental reports.
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Government position statement
Environment Agency
Business must take responsibility for the
environmental impacts of its activities.
Continual management of environmental impacts
requires a structured approach. Environmental
Management Systems (EMSs) provide a way for
businesses to do this.
DEFRA sustainable development
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i) Organisations should use a robust and credible
EMS that is appropriate for improving their
environmental and financial performance. ii)
Organisations implementing an EMS should use a
national or international standard or scheme iii)
An EMS should be audited by an independent
certifier accredited by the United Kingdom
Accreditation Service UKAS). iv) An EMS should
help improve environmental and financial
performance through the supply chain. v) An EMS
that demonstrates good management of legislative
compliance should be used to help achieve
regulatory benefits such as reduced fees and
charges.
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Key Benefits of an EMS

• improved environmental performance
• reduced liability
• competitive advantage
• improved compliance
• reduced costs
• fewer accidents
• employee involvement
• improved public image
• enhanced customer trust/ meet customer
  requirements

http//www.epa.gov/owm/iso14001/ems2001final.pdf
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Key Performance Indicators
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http//www.epa.gov/owm/iso14001/ems2001final.pdf
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PDCA

• Based on the methodology known as
  Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA).
• Plan establish the objectives and processes
  necessary to deliver results in accordance with
  the organization's environmental policy.
• Do implement the processes.
• Check monitor and measure processes against
  environmental policy, objectives, targets, legal
  and other requirements, and report the results.
• Act take actions to continually improve
  performance of the environmental management
  system.

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Standards

• EMAS ISO 14001

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EMAS
"The EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is
a management tool for companies and other
organisations to evaluate, report and improve
their environmental performance. The scheme has
been available for participation by companies
since 1995 (Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93
of 29 June 1993) and was originally restricted to
companies in industrial sectors."

• EU site (main stages of EMAS SMEs tool kit)
• EMAS UK

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BS 8555
A new British Standard BS 8555 (Guide to the
implementation of an environmental management
system including environmental performance
evaluation) has been developed to assist
organisations, in particular small and medium
sized enterprises, to implement an environmental
management system and subsequently achieve EMAS
registration. The standard includes guidance on
how to develop indicators so right from the start
it is possible to know whether environmental
impacts have been successfully reduced.
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ISO 14000
ISO 14000 is the generic name given to the family
of standards around which an Environmental
Management System (EMS) can be implemented. The
ISO Standard development committee TC 207 started
to develop the ISO 14000 series including ISO
14001 in 1994 and this was published in September
1996. The standard was revised in 2004 to become
ISO 140012004.
ISO 14000 website
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• Twenty-eight of Europes top 100 stock market
  companies have opted for EMAS as their management
  system. BP, Volkswagen, Lufthansa, Volvo to
  name but a few have implemented EMAS at some
  sites, at least. The Olympic Winter Games 2006 in
  Turin, run under the EMAS logo, will crown the
  opening of EMAS II to service sectors.

http//europa.eu.int/comm/environment/news/efe/15/
article_438_en.htm
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The European Union recognises that the
International Standard for Environmental
Management Systems, EN ISO 14001, can provide a
stepping stone for EMAS. Organisations must only
ensure that on top of the ISO 14001 requirements,
they fulfil the following full compliance with
environmental legislation verified
environmental reporting continual improvement
of environmental performance employees
participation and openness to the public
demonstrate an open dialogue with employees and
interested parties, such as stakeholders, local
authorities and suppliers.
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Evaluation of EMAS

• EMAS I (industry) and EMAS II (adminservice)

http//europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/pdf/gen
eral/literature_study_020506_en.pdf
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Principally, most studies have tried to deliver
information on the following subjects A.
Motivations and expectations involved in the
decision to implement EMAS, B. Implementation
status of EMAS-elements, C. Cost of the
implementation, D. Environmental targets, E.
Technical measures implemented, F. Environmental
results, G. Economic benefits, H. Burdens and
hindrances.
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Environmental results as well aseconomic
benefits were comparatively hard to measure and
the answers contain inmany cases a high degree
of subjectivity. Generally, a clear question
like How manytonnes of CO2-emissions have been
reduced because of EMAS? could not beanswered.
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Green Image
Based on a Swiss survey of 158 companies - image
improvement was found to be the most important
driver. Systemising environmental measures, risk
reduction and an improved market position also
ranked high. Based on 172 replies from EMAS as
well as ISO participants in Sweden (IRIS 2000) -
competitive advantages (mentioned by 53 of the
firms), owner requirements (47) and customer
requirements (31) were the dominant reasons for
implementing an EMS. Legislation as a driving
force is only mentioned by 5. In Sweden,
market-related reasons seem to have a higher
importance than in other member states. Similar
motivations from Denmark economic and
competitive advantages and a green image.
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Overall, there is some evidence that the
different elements of an EMS are not only used in
companies who participate in EMAS or ISO 14 001,
but today there is widespread knowledge of
central elements of environmental management in a
high percentage of companies, in some member
states. In comparison to 1990, it can be assumed
that the efforts of EMAS and ISO 14 001 have
strongly promoted a high organisational standard
of environmental protection in medium and large
enterprises, irrespective of whether they have
implemented an EMS or not.
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Economic Results
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BMU/UBA 2000 found that only part of the
companies, after compiling any type of material
and energy data, evaluated the data with a
reproducible method . Many other companies
evaluated the significance of the environmental
aspects by rule of thumb.
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Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
One strategy of making the adoption of EMAS
easier for SMEs are networks or groups of SMEs,
in which a number of SMEs participate and
co-operate during the process of implementation.
An external advisor acting on behalf of the whole
group can reduce the cost of external advice
significantly. In addition, arising problems may
be discussed and solved with the other firms and
certain documents may be developed for the use of
all participants. This strategy is known to have
been successfully applied in projects in Sweden
and Germany (see e.g. Röpenack 1997).
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Problems of EMS in SMEs

• Lack of time, resources and qualified personnel
• EMS implementation is an interrupted and
  interruptible process in SMEs.
• Practical problems with EMS implementation
  exists and includes how to determine
  environmental aspects and assign significance and
  how to achieve internal auditor independence in
  small and micro firms.
• SMEs are largely ill-informed about EMSs, how
  they work and what benefits can be gained from
  their implementation.

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• SMEs face inconsistencies in and barriers from
  the certification and verification systems and
  complain bitterly about the high costs associated
  with being certified to ISO 14001 and registered
  to EMAS.
• Many SMEs experience insufficient drivers for
  EMSs adoption and are uncertain about the market
  benefits of such systems.
• SMEs need support and guidance to implement
  EMSs but experience difficulties gaining
  consistent quality information and experienced
  consultants of good quality.
• The lack of sector specific guidance and material
  tailored to different sizes of firms is an added
  problem.

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One of the weak points of all types of
environmental management systems seems to be the
integration of environmental objectives into the
strategy of the firms. Several studies
complained about the low intensity with which
product-related environmental issues have been
dealt with up to now.
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Phases of introduction and environmental
strategy One of the weak points of all types of
environmental management systems seems to be the
integration of environmental objectives into the
strategy of the firms. Several studies
complained about the low intensity with which
product-related environmental issues have been
dealt with up to now .
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According to one study, only very few companies
have reached the offensive phase.
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5.14 Environmental statement The environmental
statement is the most discussed and most
misunderstood element of EMAS. Most companies
that published one (60) actually answered that
it was a useful communication tool (Hillary 1998
92), while only 17 responded in the negative. A
general misunderstanding of the usefulness arises
from the following fact most requests for
environmental statements come from groups that
the firm finds a burden to serve. For firms, it
seems to be horrifying to hear that 79 of firms
get requests from researchers, 34 from
consultants and only 21 from customers (Hillary
1998). James (2002) argues that nearly nobody
reads an environmental statement or report and
they do not influence strategic stakeholders.
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EMAS II in public administration

• Almost no evaluative information in the
  literature to date.
• There are a few organisations that are currently
  developing a tailor-made EMS for their needs The
  most prominent example is the Governmental
  Disaster Relief Organisation of the Federal
  Republic of Germany (THW). One of its local sites
  has implemented EMAS in 2001. This site serves as
  a model. In the following years all other 664
  local sites will be included.

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Compared with industry, the use of an EMS in
public administration is just at the beginning.
In many cases, EMAS is part of the organisations
overall environmental strategy, often combined
with activities to develop a Local Agenda 21.
There are numerous organisations that have taken
part in EMAS pilot projects. The main focus in
public administration (as is typical for the
first phase in industry as well) is on collection
of environmental sensitive data. In all cases,
information is used to identify targets to reduce
the direct environmental effects of the
organisation. But in many cases there are still
no visible results. This is especially true for
indirect environmental effects, which will have
to become more prominent in EMAS within the next
years.