Poverty and Human Development

1
Understanding Poverty
Poverty and Human Development Monitoring
System (PHDMS)
2
Eradication of poverty has been one of the major
objectives of planned development Many obstacles
to development are both a cause and consequence
of poverty Poor quality of life, deprivation,
malnutrition, illiteracy and low human resource
development are characteristics associated with
poverty
3
Main determinants of poverty are (i) lack of
income and purchasing power attributable to lack
of productive employment and considerable
underemployment and not to lack of employment per
se (ii) a continuous increase in the price of
food, especially foodgrains which account for
70-80 per cent of the consumption basket and
(iii) inadequacy of social infrastructure,
affecting the quality of life of the people and
their employability
4
During the 1950s and 1960s, large investments in
physical infrastructure were seen as the primary
means of development In fact, until the mid
1960s, the main thrust of development policies
all over the world was to accelerate the growth
process since the trickle down mechanism was
supposed to take care of distributional objectives
Unfortunately, the development experience of many
countries during the last two decades after World
War II raised questions about the relevance and
efficacy of the trickle down hypothesis since a
large fraction of the population of
underdeveloped countries continued to live in
abject poverty
5
The late 1960s witnessed a spurt of interest
among economists in the study of poverty both at
the conceptual and empirical levels At the
conceptual level, questions began to be raised
about the validity of using per capita GDP or per
capita consumption as a satisfactory measure of
well-being A strong case was made of a much
broader concept of quality of life which would
include nutritional status, life expectancy and
literacy Attention was also focused on the
possibility that the quality of life in the
broader sense is not necessarily contingent on
high level of income
6
By the early 1970s, development economists, both
within the country and abroad as well as in
international agencies, had veered round to the
view that overall growth, while necessary, would
not by itself be able to take care of the needs
of the poor The pace of growth is unlikely to be
uniform across regions, all segments of the
economy and sections of the population are not
integrated into wider economy, and large sections
are not equipped (for a variety of reasons) to
take advantage of the opportunities arising from
growth Therefore, programmes for direct attack
on poverty came to be accepted as desirable even
by agencies like World Bank
7
The Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty) slogan in the
early 1970s marked the beginning of an
intensified approach to help the poor as
reflected in a wide range of programmes for
direct intervention to benefit major sub-groups
among the poor like agricultural labourers, small
and marginal farmers, rural artisans A
qualitative change in development policies was
discernible in the 1970s The reduction in
poverty became an explicit goal of development
and programmes were designed so as to increase
income and employment opportunities of target
groups of the population Also, the primacy of
investing in human development- health and
education, got underlined
8
The Fifth Plan which started in the mid-seventies
had provision of minimum needs of the poor as
one of its principal objectives. This was
operationalised by providing priority funding to
State Governments to achieve minimum norms in
areas like primary education, primary health,
drinking water, rural roads etc. These
programmes were known as Minimum Needs Programme
(MNP) After two decades, again these have been
further prioritized under the banner of Basic
Minimum Services (BMS) in 1996 and funds are
being allocated to the States in proportion to
the gap between the national norm and the States
current level of achievement
9
A number of centrally funded programmes for
improving the lot of small farmers, marginal
farmers, agricultural labourers and artisans were
launched on an ad hoc basis during the seventies
On the basis of experience of these experiments,
poverty alleviation programmes, as an integral
part of development strategy, have been
implemented since 1980-81 Apart from a Minimum
Needs Programme, a number of other
initiatives-notably special schemes for small and
marginal farmers (later replaced by Integrated
Rural Development, IRDP for short), rural
employment schemes, mid-day meals for school
children, and subsidized public distribution of
food and other essential commodities-were
launched
10
These programmes have had some notable
achievements to their credit-a public
distribution system with a wide rural coverage,
employment programmes with a significant impact
on the rural poor, and improvements in rural
amenities and infrastructures like roads,
schools, health centres, communication
facilities, banks--on a scale unprecedented in
the past A good summary indicator of the
impact of the anti-poverty programmes in India is
the reduction in the extent of poverty
11
The percentage of population falling below the
poverty line is estimated to have decreased over
the period 1970-1 to 1999-2K from 55 to 27 in
rural areas, from 45 to 24 in urban areas and
from 53 to 26 in the country as a whole
The whole of the decline in the poverty cannot
be attributed to anti-poverty programmes alone
but these programmes have been an important
factor in the reduction in poverty over the last
three decades
12
Poverty Ratio 1973-74, 1993-94 1999-2000
13
In 1990 the time had come for a broad approach to
improving human well-being that would cover all
aspects of human life, for all people, in both
high-income and developing countries, both now
and in near future. It went far beyond the
narrowly defined economic development to cover
the full flourishing of all human choices. It
emphasised the need to put people-their needs,
their aspirations and their capabilities-at the
centre of the development effort. .. Human
development had arrived
14
The initiation of the approach first HDR of UNDP
was published in 1990 and the beginning of the
annual series of HDRs occurred under the
inspiration leadership of its architect, Mahbub
ul Haq, the great Pakistani economist
15

• Concept of human development, as developed
  and articulated by Mahbub ul Haq through UNDP
  HDRs HDIs in 90s brought about a major shift
  in development thinking
• In post World War II period, dev. was seen
  merely in terms of economic growth countries
  with high rates of economic growth were seen to
  be rapidly developing, while little attention was
  paid to rising income inequality within among
  countries
• Policy makers assumed that effects of higher
  economic growth would trickle down to poor
• Mahbub ul Haq challenged this conventional
  wisdom and asserted that there was no automatic
  link between economic growth human development

16

• Economic growth necessary but not a sufficient
  condition for human progress
• Governments need to actively focus on HD goals
  direct use their resources efficiently so
  that economic growth leads to empowerment of
  people poverty alleviation
• Peoples needs their aspirations must be at
  the centre of all development efforts, asserted
  Haq
• 1st HDR published in 1990 focussed on how growth
  failed to translate into improved human lives in
  many developing countries

17

• Most critical HD indicators, the Report noted,
  were for people
• to live a long and healthy life
• to be educated
• to have access to resources needed for a decent
  standard of living
• If these essential needs are not met, people
  are deprived of many other opportunities that are
  supposed to be available in a well-functioned
  democratic society

18
Human development has come to be accepted in the
development economics literature as an expansion
of human capabilities, a widening of choices, an
enhancement of freedoms and a fulfillment of
human rights Rising incomes expanding outputs,
in the human development framework, are seen as
the means and not the ends of development Indeed,
defining peoples well-being as the end of
development and treating economic growth as a
means have been the central messages of the
annual HDRs published since 1990
19
Human development is the process of enlarging
peoples choices-not just choices among different
detergents, television channels or car models but
the choices that are created by expanding human
capabilities and functionings-what people do and
can do in their lives. At all levels of
development a few capabilities are essential for
human development, without which many choices in
life would not be available. These capabilities
are to lead long and healthy lives, to be
knowledgeable and to have access to the resources
needed for a decent standard of living-and these
are reflected in the human development index
-Paul Streeten in Human Development Report 1999
20
The concept of HD draws on the magnificence of
human potentiality amidst the widespread
experience of narrowly circumscribed lives Lack
of schooling, meagre health care, inadequate
economic opportunities, violation of political
liberties, denial of civil rights, and other
hostile winds can totally frustrate human
beings despite their potential to ascend on the
wings
21
Tryst with Destiny Jawaharlal Nehrus vision
Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and
now the time comes when we shall redeem our
pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very
substantially. A moment comes, which comes but
rarely in history, when we step out from the old
to the new,.. The future is not one of ease or
resting but of incessant striving so that we may
fulfil the pledges we have so often taken the one
we shall take today. The service of India means
the service of the millions who suffer. It means
the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease
and inequality of opportunity
22
The future beckons to us. Whither do we go and
what shall be our endeavour?
To bring freedom and opportunity to the common
man, to the peasants and workers of India to
fight and end poverty and ignorance and disease
to build up a prosperous, democratic and
progressive nation, and to create social,
economic and political institutions which will
ensure justice and fullness of life to every man
and woman. -Jawarharlal Nehru Address
to the Constituent Assembly, New Delhi, Aug
14/15, 1947
23

• National Human Development Report 2001
• Plg. Commn., GOI brought out NHDR 2001 to map
  state of HD in India
• Quality of life level of human well-being
  tracked across States over last two decades (80s
  90s)
• Choice of indicators governed by need to
  evaluate development process in terms of overall
  impact on quality of life standard of living of
  people
• Renewed focus on development indicators in area
  of education health attainments-critical for
  capacity building
• In undertaking comparisons at regl. level for
  country like India, it may not be appropriate to
  use same set of indicators/ indices developed for
  facilitating cross-country comparisons spanning
  countries from least developed to industrially
  matured economies, as in case of UNDP HDRs

24

25
Human Development Index for India
26
Tamil Nadus first Human Development Report

• Need to assess level of HD at sub-national level
  brought together UNDP, Plg. Commn., GOI GTN to
  embark upon preparation of State HDRs
• States like MP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Sikkim
  Karnataka have prepared HDRs for their States
• TNHDR was released on 14th July 2003 by CM

27
The preparation of TNHDR was taken up as a
totally in-house exercise with approval and
support of Plg. Commn., GOI UNDP was a prime
mover in conceptualisation and early design of
TNHDR A Core Committee with the then Member
Secretary, TN State Planning Commission as
Chairman and some other officers undertook the
task supported by staff of SPC Directorate of
Economics Statistics TN is 6th State in India
(2nd in South India) to prepare HDR Factors
contributing to HD are disaggregated and analysed
at district level to understand the regional
disparities and reasons behind them
28
Computation of HDI
Methodology followed for computing HDI for
districts is broadly the same as the one adopted
by UNDP HDI is a composite index, covering the
following three dimensions of living standards
with equal weights to each of them
29

• Longevity captures several aspects of welfare,
  because of its correlation with nutrition, health
  other biological social achievements
• Educational attainment is measured by a
  combination of adult literacy rate with 2/3rd
  weight combined primary, secondary tertiary
  enrolment ratio with 1/3rd weight
• Standard of living is measured by real GDP per
  capita expressed in purchasing power parity
  dollars (PPP)

30
Data Sources

• LEB for 1997 based on Vital Events Survey
  conducted by DANIDA-Health Project
• Combined gross enrolment ratio (GER) for pr.,
  middle, high higher secondary schools a
  adjusted by school age popln. worked out by DES
  using data furnished by Edn. Deptt.
• Literacy rate according to 1991 Census adopted
  for calculating educational attainment
• Educational attainment measured by combination of
  literacy (2001 Census) (2/3rd wt.) combined GER
  adjusted to school age popln. (1/3rd wt.)
  (1998-99)
• Distt. wise income estimates (new series at 93-94
  prices) for year 1998-99 estimated by DES used
  for computing income index

31
Mahbub hoped that not only would the HDI be
something of an improvement on- or at least a
helpful supplement to- the GNP, but also that it
would serve to broaden public interest in the
other variables that are plentifully analysed in
the Human Development Reports. In this Mahbub was
absolutely right. The success of the HDI, as a
rival to GNP, has been quite remarkable, serving
as a more humane measure of development than a
purely income-based (or a commodity based)
measure like the GNP could possibly be.
32
HDI..serves the purpose of broadening attention
from GNP, and other narrowly based indicators, to
something that responds also to two of the
fundamental ingredients of the freedom of living,
viz., life expectancy basic education.. But it
would be a great mistake..to identify the
capacious human development approach with the use
of this useful but intellectually limited
index... Amartya Sen
33
UNDP- Planning Commission, GOI is contemplating
the preparation publication periodically of a
Status of Human Development Report and also as a
follow up on HDR, it is necessary to devise a
Poverty Human Development Monitoring
System Poverty is not a one-dimensional
phenomenon It has, for the sake of simplicity,
been defined in a particular way, namely, in
terms of income Income poverty measures,
however, do not tell us about how an economy has
been able, over time to build capacities and
provide an enabling environment to its citizens
for self-actualisation
34
Formats for monitoring system have been
structured as follows
35
Formats have been devised to give both
Inter-State and Inter-district profiles Demograph
ic Characteristics Under Demography, the size,
density growth of population have been set out.
A crucial aspect of Indian society is caste.
Census of India presents data by very broad
social groups, namely Scheduled Caste, Scheduled
Tribes and others. The demographic data has to
be read with the data on health indicators
associated with population changes, like Birth,
Death Total Fertility Rates.
36
Understanding the trends in sex composition of
the population is crucial for exploring gender
discrimination. The female population is
generally discriminated against as compared to
the male and the ideological foundation is
provided by patriarchy. The overall neglect of
the female over a very long period of time would
ultimately tell on their numbers. Sex ratio is a
measure which indicates the number of females per
thousand males.
37
Where do people live? An important associated
question is to know where people live. Urban
living is associated with certain positive
features like opportunity for non-agricultural
employment and a more regular income and thereby
a more stable livelihood as compared to the
fragile livelihood options in the rural areas.
Urbanisation is generally regarded as an
indicator of development- the higher the level of
urban population in a State higher would be its
rank as far as development is concerned.
However, the experiences of third world
countries caution against positively associating
urbanization with development. Urbanisation has
gone hand in hand with increase in slum
population.
38
The assumption that the workforce would be drawn
into the urban centres resulting in rapid
urbanization with industrialisation has not
turned out to be true with urban growth rate
going down between the 1980s 1990s. The
Indian Census defines an urban place as (i) any
place with municipality, corporation, or
cantonment, or notified town area or (ii) any
other place which satisfies the following
criteria a) a minimum population of 5000 b) a
population density of at least 400 per sq.km. c)
at least 75 per cent of the male working
population in the non-agricultural sector.
39
Access to Land In a predominantly agriculture
based economy like India, the centrality of
access to ownership of land in deciding the
quality of livelihood, particularly in rural
areas, needs no emphasis. Land continues to be
remain as one of the most important productive
asset particularly when the scope for
profitable engagement in other spheres of
productive activity is limited. At one level,
land is a source of livelihood. At another
level, access to land also determines the
location of people in the socio-political realm.
40
Size of holdings Agricultural production on a
sustained basis and generation of surplus
requires a certain minimum level of farm size.
This is particularly true with the new kind of
cultivation practices where dependence on
machines has increased manifold. The ideal size
could vary from location to location depending on
the productivity of the soil and climatic
conditions. The Agricultural Census provides
data on land holdings in the country by size
classes. The basic unit for collection of data
in the Agricultural Census is the operational
holding which is defined as All land, which is
used wholly or partly for agricultural production
and is operated as one technical unit by one
person or along with others without regard to the
title, legal form, size or location.
41
Quality of Land Access to Irrigation It is
quite well known that access to land as such does
not enable a person to generate a livelihood out
of it. The land should be cultivable. Moreover,
sustained and successful crop husbandry crucially
depends on access to water. In essence, apart
from the extent of land that one possesses, it is
its quality that goes to determine the
productivity of the land. Land has to be seen
along with its irrigation facility for
considering its productive potential.
42
The new technology of food production introduced
during the mid 1960s in India was in favour of
assured irrigated agriculture. On the other
hand, no discernable breakthrough was reported
for dry land agriculture. Thus, access to
irrigation gains an added importance so as to
reap the benefits of the new technology. Apart
from land, which is one important source of
livelihood, people have to have other sources of
livelihood. Work is another important but again
a crucial source of livelihood. This leads to
the occupational profile of the population
43
Source of livelihood Occupation The Census as
well as the NSS provide us with an idea of the
occupational profile of the population. India
remains a predominantly agricultural country. In
all the states with the exception of West Bengal
and Tamil Nadu, the percentage of male workers in
agricultural occupations is much more than those
engaged in non-agricultural occupations. The
National Sample Survey data on employment for the
year 1999-2000 indicates that in the rural parts
of India, 70 of male workers are engaged in
primary activities, about 13 in secondary
activities and 16 in tertiary activities. Among
the female workers about 84 are in primary
sector activities, 9 in secondary activities and
7 in tertiary activities.
44
Level of Literacy Literacy is an important
enabling factor in the lives of the people. Even
as late as 2001 just about 54 of females and 76
of males were literate in the country as a whole.
The differentials in levels of education across
social groups are sharper among females compared
to males. Females over males in all social
groups and persons in rural areas over those in
urban areas have relatively low levels of
educational attainment. The problem today is as
much or more of quality as of quantity.
45
Health The state of general health of a
population is a good indicator of the standard of
living of the population. The mean age of
marriage for an average male and female, couple
protection rate and IMR are some of the
indicators of health. With development, the
access that people have to modern medicine and
modern health facilities are expected to
increase. In the country as a whole, just about
one third of deliveries were in a medical
institution in 1998-99. The high level of
mortality during child birth or soon after child
birth indicates the inadequacy of facilities
available for antenatal care and deliveries
across the country.
46
Maternal mortality rate is defined as the number
of maternal deaths to women age 15 to 49 per
1,00,000 live births. High levels of mortality
among children are also found in many states.
The under-5 mortality rate is the number of
children under 5 years who die in a year per 1000
live births during the year. That is, it is a
combination of the infant mortality rate, plus
the age 1-4 mortality rate. How does the State
respond to this condition? Does it allocate more
money for public health?
47
Housing In rural India, just about one-third
of the households live in pucca houses and only
6 of them have the basic amenities of water,
latrine and electricity. In urban India, while
the situation is much better than in rural India,
even here the magnitude of deprivation with
regard to basic amenities is very high about 52
do not have access to all three basic amenities
and about 27 of families do not have pucca
houses to live in. The percentage of households
living in dilapidated households in the country
as a whole is 5.5.
48
Basic Amenities Availability of clean drinking
water and sanitation facilities for the majority
of Indians continue to remain poor even after
more than 5 decades of Planned Development.
Nearly one fifth of families, in the country as
a whole, do not have access to water source
within or near their premises. It is by now well
known that clean drinking water has a bearing on
the nutritional and health status of the
population. Lack of access to drinking water,
therefore has serious implications for the health
and well being of the population. Considering
latrine and bathroom facilities, nearly
two-thirds of families do not have access to
either of these basic facilities.
49
Poverty How does one understand poverty from
the above discussion? The prevalence of poor
over the period late 1980s to late 1990s has
registered a decline in most States as well as in
the country as a whole. The statistical declines
in numbers of people below poverty line can be
attributed to the success of governments
anti-poverty programmes. Income poverty
measures, however, do not tell us anything about
how an economy has been able, over time, to build
capacities and provide an enabling environment to
its citizens for self-actualisation.
50
To a certain extent, by bringing together data
relating to resource base (land and its quality),
income generation (occupation profile),
capability enhancement (education and health), we
get an idea of the extent of deprivation suffered
by the poor
51
While the unemployment rate in the country is
only 7.3, the percentage of people below poverty
line is reported to be 26 This immediately
indicates that being employed does not
necessarily enable a person to rise above the
poverty line Similarly, the level of formal
education, the number of children and adolescents
out of school gives an idea of the extent to
which the present system is not providing an
enabling environment and/ or not investing enough
in building capacities of the younger generation-
elements that are crucial to combat poverty
52
Poverty has to be understood as a
multi-dimensional deprivation and failure to do
so would manifest itself over time in adverse
indicators such as IMR, MMR, poor nutritional
status, etc. The system for monitoring poverty
should, therefore, bring together data on all the
above aspects
53
Designing of PHDMS has necessitated examination
of the different dimensions of poverty and human
development, data sources, identification of the
data gaps and desired level of frequency and
regional disaggregation of data and also
identification of areas for taking of special
studies / surveys. Towards this end, indicators
and formats have been worked out. Data has to be
analysed before prepn. of Report on Status of
Human Development Tables, which these formats
relate to, have to be an integral part of every
Status of Human Development Report, the data
being updated whenever the Report is brought out.
54
Poverty Human Development Monitoring System
Indicators/Data Tables
55
Millennium Development Goals
According to the World Development Report (WDR)
2004, poverty has many dimensions In addition to
low income (living on less than 1 a day),
illiteracy, ill health, gender inequality, and
environmental degradation are all aspects of
being poor This is reflected in the Millenium
Development Goals, the international communitys
unprecedented agreement on the goals for reducing
poverty In 2000 the UN Millenium Declaration,
adopted at the largest-ever gathering of heads of
states, committed countries- rich poor- to
doing all they can to eradicate poverty, promote
human dignity equality and achieve peace,
democracy environmental sustainability
56
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set
of 8 goals, 18 targets, and 48 performance
indicators relating to poverty reduction which
were endorsed by all 189 United Nations member
states in the 2000 Millennium Declaration

• The goals are
• eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• achieve universal primary education
• promote gender inequality and empower women
• Improve maternal health
• reduce child mortality
• combat human immuno deficiency virus (HIV),
  acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS),
  malaria and other diseases
• ensure environmental sustainability and
• develop global partnership for development

57
Most of these MDGs have quantifiable, monitorable
targets to measure progress against standards set
by the international community, and these have to
be achieved by 2015
How do HD Goals relate to the MDGs?
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59

• Since the launch of the MDGs at the Millenium
  Summit in New York in Sep 2000, the MDGs have
  become the most- widely accepted yardstick of
  development efforts by governments, donors NGOs
• The MDGs are a set of numerical time-bound
  targets related to key achievements in human
  development
• They include
• halving income-poverty hunger
• achieving universal primary education gender
  equality
• reducing IMR U5MR by 2/3rd MMR by 3/4th
• reversing the spread of HIV/ AIDS other
  communicable diseases
• halving the proportion of people without access
  to safe water
• These targets are to achieved by 2015, from their
  levels in 1990

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63
Problems in surveys statistical system In
PHDMS, inter-State inter-distt. profile is
attempted to be presented However, statistical
system is geared to generate stats. required for
national-level analysis Sample-size for national
surveys not adequate for disaggregation at below
State-level in a number of cases (e.g., NFHS I
II) It is pointed out that for surveys undertaken
by the States, there is generally no nodal agency
to validate the data generated There is vast
variation in data in national reports those
based on surveys of the State Govts., e.g., IMR
based on SRS of Reg. General of Census VES of
State Govt. due to difference in sample-size
methodology
64
Similarly, MMR for TN according to NHDR 2001 for
1997 1998 is indicated as 76 79 per lakh live
births respectively, i.e., 0.76 0.79 per th.
based on the Compendium of Indias Fertility
Mortality Indicators 1971-97, RGI, 1999, while it
is 1.4 1.4 respectively according to VES of
1999 2003 Difference is explained as due to
improvement in reporting system in deaths
National Statistical Commission under Dr. C.
Rangarajan in its Report commented Some of the
State Directorates of Economics Stats. do not
play a nodal role in the coordination of stats.
activities within the State the State
Directorates must be made responsible. Possible
soln. is to lay down that before a survey is
undertaken by a State Govt. deptt. or an agency
at the behest of the State Govt., the methodology
would be decided with the approval of the DoES
the data of a pilot checked before undertaking a
full-fledged survey sample size needs to be
greatly increased in national surveys
65
Estimation of District Income Karnataka has been
using some methodology for years TN also used
this methodology in estimation of distt. income
in TNHDR Based on a study sponsored by Plg.
Commn., GOI UNDP, a book Estimating District
Income in India written by Rohini Nayyar,
Meenakshi Rajeev Vinod Vyasulu has been
published on the subject It envisages estimation
of distt. product by distt. officers then addn.
to distt. product of the estimate of the distt.
share of non-commodity or tertiary sector to be
provided by the State DoES
66
Monitorable Targets for TNs Tenth Plan Economic
Growth- GSDP _at_ 8 per annum (with ICOR of 3.26)
in Tenth Plan 4 in Agr. allied
sectors Doubling of per capita income by
2010 Investment requirement at Rs.
2,62,502 crores State sector outlay Rs.
40,000 crores Central sector outlay Rs. 48,000
crores Pvt. Foreign Direct Investments Rs.
1,74,502 crores Fiscal Revenue Deficit- To
bring down fiscal deficit from 3.6 of GSDP to
1.5 by end of Tenth Plan To bring down
revenue deficit to revenue receipts from 19 to 0
by end of X Plan
67
Poverty Reduction- To reduce poverty ratio from
21.12 in 1999-2000 to 10 by 2007 near
elimination by 2012 Employment- To bring down
employment rate as measured by current daily
status from 12.05 in 1999-2000 to 6 by 2007
to near zero by 2012 Education- By 2005, there
would be universalistion of education until class
V 100 retention of all enrolled children till
age 14 by 2007 100 access to a school within a
km. by 2007 Raising of literacy rate from 73.5
to 80 by 2007 Health- To reduce IMR from 52 per
1000 live berths in 1999 to 28 per 1000 live
births by 2007 To reduce MMR from 150 per 100,000
births to 100 by 2007 50 by 2012 Drinking
water- To provide drinking water to all
habitations making them as fully covered
habitations
68
Forests- To increase stabilise forest cover
from 17.6 to 25 by 2012 also to ensure
density of tree cover by eco-stabilisation,
eco-restoration eo-protection Gender
Disparities- Reduction by 2007 of all
rural-urban female-male disparities in wages,
health, education by 50 Infrastructure- To
provide all weather roads to all habitations with
population 500 All villages to possess by 2010
electricity, trunk road, telephone, internet
connectivity, school, clean water sanitation, a
village health worker local self-government By
2006, TN will not only be the leading player in
IT but also become a regional gateway to
Asia Population growth To reduce popln. growth
from 11.2 to 7 by 2011 to achieve population
stabilisation
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We are like little children on the seashore
trying to fill our shells with water from the
sea. While we cannot exhaust the waters of the
deep by means of our shells, every drop that we
attempt to gather into our tiny shells is a part
of the authentic waters. -The Hindu View of
Life by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
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Thank You