Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

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Living Stander Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• ?? ?? ??? 9642035
• ?? ??? 9642009

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Living Stander Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• ?? ?? ??? 9642035
• ?? ??? 9642009

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• 9.1 Income Growth
• 9.2 Poverty
• 9.2.1 Rural Poverty
• 9.2.1.1 Official Poverty Line
• 9.2.1.2 World Bank
  Internationally
• Comparable
  Poverty Line
• 9.2.1.3 Explaining Poverty
  Trends
• 9.2.2 Urban Poverty
• 9.2.3 Overall Poverty
• 9.3 Inequality
• 9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources
• 9.4 Physical Quality of Indicators
• 9.4.1 Life Expectancy at Birth
• 9.4.2 Other Health-Related Indicators
• 9.4.3 Education
• 9.4.4 Human Development Index
• 9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing
• Power Parity Once Again
• 9.6 Conclusion

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9.1 Income Growth

• Growth of household income, convert in 2004 CPI
• Three periods
• 1991-2004
• 1985-1991
• 1978-1985

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• Shoddy rural CPI
• Other limitations to the official data
• 1.migrants and others with intermediate
• status are not covered
• 2.different measurement
• Affections
• limit comparability overstate

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table 9.1
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9.2 Poverty9.2.1 Rural Poverty

• 9.2.1.1 Official Poverty Line
• 1978 250 million
• 1985 125 million
• 2004 26 million
• Poverty is fundamentally a rural phenomenon

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Figure 9.1
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9.2.1.2 World Bank Internationally
Comparable Poverty Line

• 2002 poverty line
• Ravallion and Chen 850 RMB per person
• Chinese standard 627 RMB per person
• poverty 3.2 12.5
• 29million
  114millioin

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9.2.1.3 Explaining Poverty Trends

• In early 1980s
• The term of trade of agriculture
• 1.price 2.modern inputs 3.dissolution of
  collectives
• After the mid-1980s
• Leading Group for Poverty Reduction in 1986

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• After the mid-1980s
• Leading Group for Poverty Reduction
• 1.Geographic targeting of designated
• poor counties
• 2.Appraisals
• 3.Government funding
• 4.the designation dose raise economic
• growth in poor counties by around 1
• annually

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• During 1993-1996
• marketization of rural procurement and
• government provided support prices for farmers
• nonfarm rural employment and migration

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• Since 1996
• growth was highly concentrated in urban coastal
  areas
• Farm prices fell in the late 1990s
• Urban reforms created urban unemployment and
  increasing labor-market competition
• Fiscal system
• Since 2000
• Western Development Program
• infrastructure investment

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9.2.2 Urban Poverty

• Ravallion and Chen
• in 2002 , the cost of living in the city was
  41 higher than in the countryside
• poverty line 1,200 yuan per person per year in
  the city
• 0.5 of the urban population was in poverty in
  2001
• their sample covered permanent urban residents
  only

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9.2.3 Overall Poverty

• Ravallion and Chen find that 8 of Chinas total
  population was in poverty in 2001 ,down form 22
  in 1991
• Decline in rural poverty 11
• urbanization 3
• the reduction in poverty in urban areas
• lt0.5

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9.3 Inequality

• Egalitarian
• Gini coefficient
• The unusual phenomenon
• Simon Kuznets (1995)

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• Inequality in urban area
• 1.capital
• 2.market distortion
• Inequality in rural area
• 1.TVEs
• 2.individual entrepreneurship

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Figure 9.2 evolution of Gini coefficient
0.447
0.33
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9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources

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  )??????(National Statistical Bureau)??????????????
  ???????????,??????1988 ?1995? 2002 ????????????
• Khan ? Riskin (KR)? Chen?Ravallion(CR)
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• ??????????,??????????????????

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9.4 (9.4.1-9.4.3) Physical Quality of Life
Indicators

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• ???????????

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• 9.4.1 Life Expectancy at Birth
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• ?????(Nature of mortality)
• 9.4.2 Other Health-Related Indicator
• 3. ??(????) Basic needs
• -9.4.3 Education

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9.4.4 Human Development Index

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  ?????????,??????????????
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Table 9.3
??
??
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9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing Power
Parity Once Again

• ??PPP GDP per capita ? ordinary GDP per capita
• ?PPP????GDP???????????,?????????
• ?9.3????GDP(?PPP??)???GDP(?????)????????

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Table9.2
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• ??????PPP??????GDP???Exchange rate?????GDP???
• ??????????????????????,???????
• ?????????,????????,?? ????? ????
  ???????,????????????,,?????PPP GDP????

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9.6 Conclusion

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  ,?????????????
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