Environmental Product Design Example: Access, Mobility, Vehicles

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Environmental Product Design Example Access,
Mobility, Vehicles
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13/18
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Example Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
US Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (in million
metric tons)
Source US Emission Inventory 2005, EPA
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Example Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
US CO2 emissions from transportation vs. total
(in MMT)
32.3
27.6
Source http//www.eia.doe.gov/
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Example Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
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Example Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
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Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends
Source US EPA (2003) Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends
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Pressure to reduce GHG emissions from vehicles is
increasing

• European Union
• Goal Average of 120 g CO2 per km driven for
  passenger cars by 2010
• 1999/2000 Voluntary agreements with car
  manufacturers
• California - Assembly Bill 1493
• Goal Average of 127 g CO2eq per km driven for
  passenger cars by 2016
• 2002 AB 1493 passes Assembly and Senate
• 2004 AB 1493 is approved by Governor
• New York State
• 2005 Official proposal to adopt Californias
  regulation
• Canada
• 2005 Voluntary agreements with car
  manufacturers

Agreements / regulations do not use a full life
cycle perspective
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Typical life cycle GHG emissions of a passenger
car
Total Compact 50 tonnes of CO2
eq Midsize 60-70 tonnes of CO2 eq SUV 80
tonnes of CO2 eq
5-15
4-5
80-90
0-1
Vehicle GHG reduction strategies focus on the use
phase
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There are many ways to reduce use phase GHG
emissions of vehicles

• Power train modifications HEV, FCV, BEV
• Engine modifications Variable valve timing and
  lift, cylinder shut-off
• Fuel combustion modifications Turbocharger,
  CVR, direct injection
• Transmission modifications Continuously
  variable transmission, shifting
  schedules
• Alternative fuels Biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen
• Reduction of aerodynamic drag Body shape
• Reduction of rolling resistance Tires
• Vehicle mass reduction Smaller vehicles, better
  packaging, light-weight materials

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Energy efficiencies of ICEV, HEV, BEV, FCV
Internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV)
Fuel productionand delivery
ICE, powertrain friction
0.88 x 0.16
0.14
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
Fuel productionand delivery
Electric motor, ICE, battery powertrain friction
0.88 x 0.32
0.28
Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
Power plant
Battery
Electric motor, powertrain friction
Electricity transmission
0.35 0.55 x 0.93 x
0.8 x 0.8
0.2 0.33
Fuel cell vehicle (FCV)
Fuel cell
Electric motor, powertrain friction
Compression, transmission
Reformation
0.8 x 0.75 x
0.5 x 0.8
0.24
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Primary energy efficiencies of ICEV, HEV, BEV, FCV
Energy content of gasoline 46.7 MJ per kg Energy
content of hydrogen 141.9 MJ per kg
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Life cycle GHG emissions ICEV versus HEV
Average lifecycle GHG (in kg CO2eq) emissions of
a Civic Hybrid (HEV) and a Civic LX (ICEV)
Source Bren Group Project on HEV (Class of
2005) (Average for manual and automatic
transmission)
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Reading for Wednesday, 14 MarchNokia (2005)
IPP Pilot Project Stage II Final Report
Options for Improving Life Cycle Environmental
Performance of Mobile Phones(posted on course
website as Nokia 2005)