Chapter 2C

1
Chapter 2C
2
VOR
VOR
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VOR Facilities
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VOR Facilities
.5 Accuracy
5
VOR FacilitiesAccuracy Checks

• Ground Checkpoint
• Airborne Checkpoint
• Airway Checkpoint
• Dual VOR Check

6
VOR Airborne Equipment
7
Interpreting VOR Indications Basic VOR Indicator
Name the parts!
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Interpreting VOR Indications VOR Orientation
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Interpreting VOR Indications Orientation and
Bracketing
Does it make sense yet?
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Interpreting VOR Indications Orientation and
Bracketing
What happens at station passage?
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Interpreting VOR Indications Orientation and
Bracketing
Why not use a 90 degree angle?
How close are we?
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VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
What heading should be flown to get back on
course?
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VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
330 Crs To
Learn to Bracket
14
VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
330 Crs To
Fly Hdg 310
Learn to Bracket
15
VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
330 Crs To
Wait to Center
Learn to Bracket
16
VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
330 Crs To
Fly Hdg 320 to Crab
Wait to Center
Fly Hdg 310
Learn to Bracket
17
VOR Navigation ProceduresTracking a Course/Radial
330 Crs To
Fly Hdg 320 to Crab
Wait to Center
Fly Hdg 310
Learn to Bracket
18
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial
Intercepting!
New Procedure
19
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial

• Identify the Station
• Set in Desired Course

20
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial

• Identify the Station
• Set in Desired Course
• Parallel Desired Course

Fly Hdg 330
21
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial

• Identify the Station
• Set in Desired Course
• Parallel Desired Course
• Determine Amount Off Course

25 deg? 40 deg?
22
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial
If over 30 deg, use 90 deg intercept angle.

• Identify the Station
• Set in Desired Course
• Parallel Desired Course
• Determine Amount Off Course
• Angle Towards the Needle
• Wait to Center

If 30 deg or less, use 45 deg intercept.
23
VOR Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Radial

• Identify the Station
• Set in Desired Course
• Parallel Desired Course
• Determine Amount Off Course
• Angle Towards the Needle
• Wait to Center
• Begin Tracking

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VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance

• Turn perpendicular.
• Start timing when centered.
• Change OBS 10 degrees.
• Stop timing when centered.
• Turn toward station.
• Calculate time and distance.

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VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
26
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
27
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
28
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100 4.5
min., 7.5 nm.
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
29
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100 4.5
min., 7.5 nm.
3. 10 deg change in 90 seconds at TAS 80
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
30
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100 4.5
min., 7.5 nm.
3. 10 deg change in 90 seconds at TAS 80 9
min., 12 nm.
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
31
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100 4.5
min., 7.5 nm.
3. 10 deg change in 90 seconds at TAS 80 9
min., 12 nm.
4. 5 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 80
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
32
VOR Navigation ProceduresTime and Distance
Let's try a few!
1. 10 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 100 3
min., 5 nm.
2. 10 deg change in 45 seconds at TAS 100 4.5
min., 7.5 nm.
3. 10 deg change in 90 seconds at TAS 80 9
min., 12 nm.
4. 5 deg change in 30 seconds at TAS 80 6
min., 8 nm.
Time In Minutes Seconds / Degrees
Change Distance Minutes x TAS / Degrees Change
33
DME
DME
34
Distance Measuring Equipment Why Do Pilots Love
the DME?
Instant Distance Instant Ground Speed Instant
ETA Instant Location
DME
35
Distance Measuring EquipmentBasic Concept
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HSI
HSI
37
Horizontal Situation IndicatorVOR Orientation
With HSI
It's even cool to look at!
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38
ADF
ADF
39
ADF FacilitiesNondirectional Radio Beacons
15, 50, 75, or More Miles
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
40
ADF FacilitiesCommercial Broadcast Stations
Sometimes they help.
41
Interpreting ADF Indicators
42
NDB Navigation ProceduresStation Identification
Same as VOR
Use REC mode to test/swing the needle.
ADF
43
Interpreting ADF IndicatorsBracketing
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NDB Navigation ProceduresInterpreting the
Indications
HDG 360
45
NDB Navigation ProceduresInterpreting the
Indications
HDG 090
46
NDB Navigation ProceduresHoming to the Station
Turn the Aircraft to keep the Needle off the Nose.
47
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing
Courses To Bearings From
REMEMBER...
48
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Are you holding a steady heading?
• Do you have a crab angle set in?
• Does the crab angle match the pointer deflection?
• Is the pointer stationary?
• GOOD JOB!

Are You On Course?
49
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing
What If You Drift Off Course?
50
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Turn 20 degrees towards the pointer.

51
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Turn 20 degrees towards the pointer.

52
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Turn 20 degrees towards the pointer.
• Wait for 20 deg of pointer deflection.

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NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Turn 20 degrees towards the pointer.
• Wait for 20 deg of pointer deflection.
• Take out 10 deg and watch for pointer movement.

54
NDB Navigation ProceduresTracking a
Course/Bearing

• Turn 20 degrees towards the pointer.
• Wait for 20 deg of pointer deflection.
• Take out 10 deg and watch for pointer movement.
• Bracket further, if necessary.

55
NDB Navigation ProceduresIntercepting a
Course/Bearing

• Reset heading indicator.
• Tune, identify and test the ADF receiver.
• Establish a parallel course.
• Decide on intercept angle.
• Fly intercept angle.
• Wait for intercept angle to equal pointer
  deflection.
• Begin tracking.

SIMPLE STEPS
56
Interpreting ADF IndicatorsTime and Distance

• Turn perpendicular.
• Start timing when Relative Bearing 090 or 270
  deg.
• Stop timing when Relative Bearing 100 or 260
  deg.
• Turn toward station.
• Calculate time and distance.

57
Interpreting ADF IndicatorsTime and Distance
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ADF Limitations
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ADF Limitations
Night Effect
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
60
ADF Limitations
Thunderstorm Effect
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
61
ADF Limitations
Precipitation Static
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
62
ADF Limitations
Terrain Effect
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
63
ADF Limitations
Shoreline Effect
Pilot-Dependent Accuracy
64
RMI
RMI
65
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
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Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
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Chapter 2 Key Terms
VOR VOR Accuracy Checks Time and Distance
Tracking Intercepts VOR Limitations DME HSI
ADF NDB Commercial Broadcast Stations Interpreting
ADF Indicators ADF Limitations RMI DME Arc