Morphology

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Morphology

• Words Morphemes
• Morphological phenomena
• Analysis of unfamiliar languages
• Derivation Inflection
• Word formation
• Morphology-Phonology Interface
• Writing systems
• Language Classification
• Reading ODK Ch. 4 pp. 132-173 Q. 1-20

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Words

• Lexicon
• stores basic form?
• Word difficult to define
• smallest free forms in a language
• exist in isolation
• position not fixed

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Morphemes

• Smallest unit of language related to meaning or
  function
• Simple words only 1 morpheme
• Complex words 1 morphemes
• root ? N, V, A, P
• affix(es)
• Free vs. Bound
• Allomorphs
• e.g. indef. art. past plural.

4
Word Structure

• Complex word
• Tree structure
• Base
• Affix is attached to base
• Problems
• Bound roots, e.g. horrify

5
Morphological Phenomena

• Affixation
• prefix/suffix/infix
• Clitics
• enclitic/proclitic
• clitic can be detached from base
• suffix cannot be detached from base
• e.g. genitive -s

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Morphological phenomena

• Internal change
• e.g. drink, drive, goose
• Suppletion
• Full/Partial? E.g. think
• Stress and tone placement
• Reduplication
• Full/Partial
• Compounding
• Cranberry morphemes

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Analysis of unfamiliar languages

• Identify recurrent forms and meanings
• Order may be different from English
• Contrasts may or may not be as in English
• Beware of the allomorph
• e.g. Turkish plural -lar, -ler

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Derivation

• Derivational affixes
• may result in different POS (part-of-speech)
• e.g. verb -er
• may result in different meaning
• e.g. un- adjective
• English
• rightmost morpheme usually gives POS
• Complex derivations
• e.g. antidisestablishmentarianism
• Varying degrees of productivity
• word origins, e.g. Latinates

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Derivational Affixes

• Class I
• cause phonological changes, e.g. domest
• mostly Latinate
• often combine with bound roots, e.g. domestic
• Class II
• phonologically neutral
• Usually
• Class I nearer to root, e.g. spaciousness
• But acceptability

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Inflection

• Change grammatical subclass, e.g.
• tense e.g. verb -ed
• number, e.g. noun -s
• Does not change POS or meaning
• Inflection is very productive
• Derivational affix closer to root
• English how many inflectional affixes?

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Word formation

• Compounds
• combine lexical categories
• Head morheme with same POS as word
• English with/without space/hyphen
• blackboard vs. black board
• how are they differentiated?
• tense and number affixes usually not on first
  element
• Endocentric vs. exocentric
• e.g. policeman vs. walkman

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Word formation

• Conversion
• new POS
• Clipping
• e.g. lab, zoo, compling?
• Blend
• e.g. brunch, motel, compling?
• Backformation
• removal of affix e.g. wordprocess
• Acronyms
• e.g. AIDS, laser
• Onomatopoeia
• Manufacture/branding
• e.g. xerox, Spoonerism

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Other Morphological Issues

• Number
• Noun class
• gender
• Case
• nominative, etc.
• locative, ablative
• ergative, absolutive
• English?
• Person-number agreement
• verbal paradigm or conjugation
• pro-drop languages
• Tense vs. Aspect

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Morphology-Phonology Interface

• Morphophonemic rules
• Generate allomorphs
• ODK Ch. 6, pp. 245-251