Chapter 8 Skeletal System

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Chapter 8 Skeletal System
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Overview
.Types of bones .Bone tissue Compact
Cancellous .Ossification .Growing bones .The
axial skeleton .The appendicular
skeleton .Joints .Movements at joints
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The Skeleton Skeletal system is made up of
bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue
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• Bones
• Several functions
• To serve as a firm framework for the body
• To protect delicate structures such as the brain
  and spinal cord
• To serve as levers to produce movement
• To store calcium salts
• To produce blood cells

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• Bone Structure
• Types of bone (osseous) tissue
• Compact bone
• Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Bone marrow
• Red marrow
• Yellow marrow
• Bone membranes
• Periosteum
• Endosteum

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Anatomy of a long bone
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Skeleton Divisions
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Compact bone tissue.
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Checkpoint 8-1 A long bone has a long narrow
shaft and two irregular ends. What are the
scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a
long bone? Checkpoint 8-2 What are the two types
of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type
found?
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• Bone Growth and Repair
• Types of bone cells
• Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
• Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone
  matrix
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue

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Checkpoint 8-3 What are the three types of cells
found in bone and what is the role of each?
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• Formation of a Long Bone
• Cartilage begins to turn into bone
• Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
• Bones continue to lengthen
• Bones stop lengthening
• Bone resorption and formation continues

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Checkpoint 8-4 As the embryonic skeleton is
converted from cartilage to bone, the
intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What
compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden
it? Checkpoint 8-5 After birth, long bones
continue to grow in length at secondary centers.
What are these centers called?
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• Bone Markings
• Distinguishing features
• Projections
• Head
• Process
• Condyle
• Crest
• Spine
• Depressions or holes
• Foramen
• Sinus
• Fossa
• Meatus

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Checkpoint 8-6 Bones have a number of
projections, depressions, and holes. What are
some functions of these markings?
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• Bones of the Axial Skeleton
• Two main groups of bones
• Axial skeleton80 bones of the head and trunk
• Appendicular skeleton126 bones of the extremities

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• Framework of the Skull
• Cranial bones
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Occipital

• Facial bones
• Mandible
• Maxillae
• Zygomatic
• Nasal
• Lacrimal
• Vomer
• Palatine
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Ossicle
• Hyoid
• Infant skull
• Anterior fontanel

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The skull. ZOOMING IN What type of joint is
between bones of the skull?
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The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN What two
bones make up each side of the hard palate?
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Floor of cranium, superior view. ZOOMING IN
What is a foramen?
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• Framework of the Trunk
• Vertebral column
• Cervical vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
• Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)
• Thorax
• Sternum
• Ribs
• True ribs
• False ribs
• Manubrium
• Clavicular notch
• Sternal angle
• Xiphoid process

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Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN
From an anterior view, which group(s) of
vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s)
form a concave curve?
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The vertebral column and vertebrae.
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The first two cervical vertebrae.
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Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN
To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?
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Checkpoint 8-7 The axial skeleton consists of
the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones
make up the skeleton of the trunk? Checkpoint
8-8 What are the five regions of the vertebral
column?
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• Bones of the Appendicular
• Skeleton
• Two divisions
• Upper
• Lower

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• The Upper Division of the
• Appendicular Skeleton
• The shoulder girdle
• Clavicle (collarbone)
• Scapula (shoulder blade)
• Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
• Acromion
• Glenoid cavity
• Coracoid process

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• The Upper Division of the
• Appendicular Skeleton (continued)
• The upper extremity
• Humerus (arm bone)
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
• Trochlea
• Ulna and radius (forearm bones)
• Distal projection (styloid process)
• Olecranon
• Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpal bones
• Phalanges (finger bones)

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• The Lower Division of the
• Appendicular Skeleton
• The pelvic bones
• Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Ischium
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity
• Pubis
• Pubic symphysis
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
• Ossa coxae

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The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN What bone is
nicknamed the sit bone?
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Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior
view.
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• The Lower Division of the
• Appendicular Skeleton (continued)
• The lower extremity
• Femur
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Patella
• Tibia (shin bone)
• Medial malleolus
• Fibula
• Lateral malleolus
• Tarsal bones
• Calcaneus (heel bone)
• Metatarsal bones
• Phalanges

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The right femur (thigh bone).
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Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN
What is the medial bone of the leg?
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Checkpoint 8-9 What division of the skeleton
consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle,
hip, and extremities?
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• Disorders of Bone
• Metabolic diseases
• Tumors
• Infections
• Structural problems

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• Metabolic Disorders
• Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation
  or
• excess loss of bone tissue
• Osteoporosis
• Osteopenia
• Pagets disease (osteitis deformans)
• Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)

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• Tumors
• Two types found in bone tissue
• Benign
• Malignant
• Osteosarcomas
• Chondrosarcomas

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• Infection
• Two types found in bone tissue
• Osteomyelitis
• Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic
  bacteria
• Tuberculosis
• Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)

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• Structural Disorders
• Curvatures of the spine
• Kyphosis (hunchback)
• Lordosis (swayback)
• Scoliosis
• Cleft palate
• Flatfoot

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• Fractures
• Types of fractures
• Closed
• Open
• Greenstick
• Impacted
• Comminuted
• Spiral
• Transverse
• Oblique

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• Skeletal Changes in the Aging
• Bones undergo significant changes
• Loss of calcium salts
• Decrease in protein
• Reduction in collagen
• Loss of height
• Decrease in chest diameter

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• The Joints
• Classified by material between adjoining bones
  and by
• degree of movement permitted
• Fibrous
• Synarthrosis (immovable)
• Cartilaginous
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
• Synovial
• Diarthrosis (freely movable)

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Checkpoint 8-10 What are the three types of
joints classified according to the type of
material between the adjoining bones?
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• More About Synovial Joints
• Bones are joined by other structures in synovial
  joints
• Ligaments
• Joint capsule
• Hyaline (articular) cartilage
• Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
• Fat
• Bursae

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Structure of a synovial joint.
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• Types of Synovial Joints
• Classified by types of movement they allow
• Gliding
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Condyloid
• Saddle
• Ball-and-socket

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Freely movable joints
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• Movement at Synovial Joints
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
• Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle
• Supination
• Pronation
• Inversion
• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantar flexion

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Types of joint movements
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Checkpoint 8-11 What is the most freely movable
type of joint?
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• Disorders of Joints
• Mechanical disorders
• Dislocation
• Sprain
• Herniated disk
• Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease DJD)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Septic (infectious) arthritis
• Gout
• Backache
• Vertebrae diseases
• Intervertebral disk disorders
• Supporting structure abnormalities
• Abdominopelvic disorders
• Lumbosacral joint strains