3:1 Why Things are Grouped

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31 Why Things are Grouped
Chapter 3 - Classification

• Taxonomy the study of classification
• Classification how living things are grouped
  based on similarities

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Classifying in Everyday Life

• A. Sports equipment
• B. Food in a supermarket
• C. Books in a library

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II. How Grouping Helps Us

• A. To put things in order so theyre easier to
  locate
• 1. books using Dewey Decimal system

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• 2. houses with numbers
• 3. telephone numbers in alphabetical order

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B. To show that things or organisms share
certain traits

• 1. a trait is a characteristic of something

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C. Biologists classify living things to see how
they are alike or how they differ
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32 Methods of Classification

• I. Early Classification
• A. Greek scientist Aristotle classified plants
  and animals

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• Aristotle, marble copy of bronze by Lysippos.
  Louvre Museum.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
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• 1. Animals were divided into 3 groups by where
  they were found
• A. Animals that lived in water
• B. Animals that lived on land
• C. Animals that lived in the air and could fly

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2. Plants were grouped by size and growth pattern

• A. Tall plants with one trunk were in the tree
  group ex oak, maple
• B. Medium plants with many trunks were in the
  shrub group ex privet hedge

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• C. Small plants with soft stems were in the herb
  group ex grasses, wildflowers

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II. The Beginning of Modern Classification

• Aristotles system was not useful for many newly
  discovered organisms
• B. In many cases it failed to show which species
  were more closely related

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• C. Carolus Linnaeus 1735 developed modern
  system of classification

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus

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• 1. He put living things into 2 main groups
  called kingdoms Plantae, Animalia

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus
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• 2. A group of living things that can breed with
  each other is a species
• 3. classified plants and animals into more
  groups
• 4. based his system on specific traits

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• 5. Gave organisms names that described their
  traits
• 6. used a 2-name naming system, binomial
  nomenclature
• 7. Names are Latinized.

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D. Todays system uses seven main groups (taxa)
for classification

• 1. Kingdom most general largest group
• 2. Phylum largest group within a kingdom
  related phyla belong to the same kingdom

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• 3. Class largest group within a phylum closely
  related classes belong to the same phylum
• 4. Order largest group within a class closely
  related orders belong to the same class

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• 5. Family largest group within an order
  closely related families belong to the same order
• 6. Genus largest group within a family
  closely related genera belong to the same family

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• 7. Species most specific smallest group
  closely related species belong to the same genus

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33 How Scientists Classify Today

• I. Classifying Based on How Organisms are related
• A. Closely related species will be in many of
  the same taxa

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Ex House Cat

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Carnivora
• Family Felidae
• Genus Felis
• Species - catus

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Ex Lion

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Carnivora
• Family Felidae
• Genus Panthera
• Species - leo

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Only the genus and species are different for
the house cat and the lion
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II. Other Evidence Used in Classifying

• Evolutionary past similar structures
• Homologous structures
• The forelimbs of a human, whale, bat, iguana

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• Traits
• Similar amino acid sequences
• D. similarities in DNA

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• Genus and species names form the scientific name
  of species
• Binomial nomenclature
• Latinized
• Italics, underlined
• Genus name starts with capital letter
• Species name starts with lower case letter

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Homo sapiens

• Homo is our genus name, sapiens is our species
  name

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• More than 1 common name,
• Or the same name for more than 1 species
• B. Only 1 scientific name for a species
• C. Seldom change
• D. Latin

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V. Classification of Kingdoms 2 kingdoms of
prokaryotes and 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

• 1. Archaebacteria prokaryotes no nucleus
  unicellular bacteria that live in extreme
  environments deep sea vents, salt lakes, hot
  springs

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• Finding Archaea The hot springs of Yellowstone
  National Park, USA, were among the first places
  Archaea were discovered. At left is Octopus
  Spring, and at right is Obsidian Pool. Each pool
  has slightly different mineral content,
  temperature, salinity, etc., so different pools
  may contain different communities of archaeans
  and other microbes. The biologists pictured above
  are immersing microscope slides in the boiling
  pool onto which some archaeans might be captured
  for study.

http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html
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2. Eubacteria

• prokaryotes no nucleus bacteria that are in
  most of our environments, many are helpful, some
  are harmful, some are autotrophs producers,
  some are heterotrophs (consumers)

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• Figure 9. Some common cyanobacteria L to R
  Oscillatoria, a filamentous species common in
  fresh water and hot springs Nostoc, a sheathed
  communal species Anabaena, a nitrogen fixing
  species. The small cell with an opaque surface
  (third from right) in the anabaena filament is a
  heterocyst, a specialized cell for nitrogen
  fixation. The large bright cell in the filament
  is a type of spore called an akinete
  Synechococcus, a unicelluar species in marine
  habitats and hot springs. Synechococcus is among
  the most important photosynthetic bacteria in the
  marine environment, estimated to account for
  about 25 percent of the primary production that
  occurs in typical marine habitats.

http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/MajorGroupsOfProk
aryotes
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• Figure 10. Spirochetes A. Cross section of a
  spirochete showing the location of endoflagella
  between the inner membrane and outer sheath B.
  Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease
  C. Treponema pallidum, the spirochete that causes
  syphilis.

http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/MajorGroupsOfProk
aryotes
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• Figure 13. Profile of a Pseudomonad
  Gram-negative rods motile by polar flagella. A.
  Electron micrograph, negative stain. B. Scanning
  electron micrograph. C. Gram stain.

http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/MajorGroupsOfProk
aryotes
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• Figure 14. Left Escherichia coli cells. Right
  E. coli colonies on EMB Agar.

http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/MajorGroupsOfProk
aryotes
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3. Protista - eukaryotes

• Many are unicellular, some live in colonies, some
  are multicellular, some are autotrophs

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Protists

• http//biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.
  htm

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• Didinium, a ciliate that lives in fresh water, is
  a voracious hunter of live food such as
  Paramecium. A Didinium makes contact with a
  Paramecium and begins to ingest it. Courtesty of
  Mike Dingley, Microscopy UK.

http//www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/microbe
s/types/protista.htm
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4. Fungi eukaryotes absorptive heterotrophs

• Ex mushrooms, shelf fungus
• Mushrooms are multicellular

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Fungi
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5. Plantae - eukaryotes

• Multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs

http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/streamview.jpg
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Flowering Plants
http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta
.html
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Ferns
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6. Animalia eukaryotes
multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs

• Manis pentadactyla(Chinese pangolin)

http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/account
s/information/Manis_pentadactyla.html
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Pyrrharctia isabella(Isabella tiger moth)
http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/account
s/classification/Pyrrharctia_isabella.html
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• Peromyscus leucopus(white-footed mouse)

http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resourc
es/phil_myers/classic/plnbest.jpg/view.html
http//animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/account
s/information/Peromyscus_leucopus.html
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Monera

• In the old 5 kingdom system of classification,
  there was only 1 kingdom of prokaryotes called
  Monera. All bacteria were grouped into this one
  kingdom