Lesson 45th

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Lesson 4-5th

• By Christos N. Hadjichristidis

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Todays attractions

• ?a a?a?? ??p??? ?t??ta? (No pain No gain)
• Quick review of tricky diphthongs double
  consonants sounds
• Basic grammar (notes on articles, nouns,
  pronouns, verbs to be, have)
• Saying what nationality you are and where you are
  from and whether you are on holidays or business
  (Nationalities activity)
• Using the numbers 0 100 (International song
  competition activity dice activity)
• Talking about your Family activity
• Watch a short movie about Greece

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Differences between Greek- English

• Consistency between spelling pronunciation
  of the Greek letters. Contrary to popular belief
  Greek is not a difficult language to speak,
  particularly at the beginners level. Unlike
  English, the same letter or combination of
  letters, is pronounced in exactly the same way
  wherever it occurs. Lets prove it!

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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
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Double-vowels are pronounced separately if

• A diaeresis diacritic (i.e. ) falls upon the
  second of the two adjacent vowels (i.e. ?a?d????
  donkey gen.).
• An accent falls upon the first of the two
  adjacent vowels (i.e. ???da??? donkey nom).
• However, if the accent falls upon the second of
  the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is
  needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced
  separately! (i.e. ?a??? wooden boat, ketch).

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Try to pronounce the following tricky words
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Try to pronounce the following tricky words
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Two-letters consonants (one sound)
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Two-letters consonants (double sounds)
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Try to guess the meaning

• You've learned the entire Greek alphabet, plus
  the double vowels and double consonants. At this
  point, you should be able to read any Greek word
  that you see. Try your hand at it. These words
  are called cognates, which means that they are
  words that sound like words you already know in
  English. Hint some of them are names of cities
  and countries.

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Nouns

• In English as in Greek a noun is a word that
  names a person, thing or concept (e.g. ??t?a?
  man, ßas???ssa queen, e?p?da (hope))
• Every Greek noun belongs to one of the following
  gender classes masculine, feminine or neutral.
  These do not correspond to the division between
  male, female and inanimate.

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Some Examples
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How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given
Greek noun?

• Some tips
• All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) ends in
  ?
• Almost all feminine nouns end in either a or ?
• Most neuter nouns end in ?, ?, or µa
• Of course, there are exceptions, and there are
  those words ending in ??, which can be any
  gender.

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Try to guess both the meaning gender of the
following nouns
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Luckily for us, nouns don't exist in isolation.
In Greek, as in English, you'll almost always
find a noun in company with an article...

• But before diving into definite/indefinite
  article we must discuss number case since in
  Greek articles are declined for gender, number
  and case (Oh dear!)
• In Greek, number is always indicated in the
  inflection of noun phrases. Almost all nouns,
  pronouns and determiners have one set of case
  forms for the singular and another for the plural
  (exceptions indeclinable nouns of foreign origin
  i.e. µp??µa?, e??t, p??t? all the letters of
  the names of the letters of the Greek alphabet)
  

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Case
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Case continued..

• Thus, for each of the two numbers each noun has a
  set of endings which indicates the syntactical
  function of the case in the clause
• Ready for a big Surprise?
• We do this in English, too
• It only happens with pronouns, and you probably
  never even notice it until someone points out how
  they change their form when their usage changes
• She went to the store. The clerk greeted her
  and handed over a small package. The new camera
  was hers at last!

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Differences between Greek- English

• The normal order of a sentence in Greek is like
  that in English subject, verb, object. There is
  no special tendency as in Latin to put the verb
  at the end. However, Greek can vary the word
  order for purposes of emphasis or euphony much
  more freely than in English. For example
• ? ???st?? ??????e? t? ?a??a but also T?
  ?a??a ??????e? ? ???st??. (Christos chases
  Mary).
• Thus, when you translate from Greek you have to
  concentrate on the case of the noun (as
  illustrated by its inflectional ending) rather
  than its order within the sentence.

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The forms of the definite article
Has a ? ending when the word immediately
following begins with a vowel or with any of the
following consonants/consonant combinations ?,
p, t ,??, µp, ?t, ?, ?
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The forms of the indefinite article
The forms of the indefinite article are identical
to those of the numeral one, except of the
feminine (µ?a) which are pronounced as one
syllable, while those of the numeral can be
pronounced as two-syllable word (µ?a)
The final n is not obligatory and may be used
before words beginning with a vowel or any of the
consonants ?, p, t, ? or ? or consonant
combinations ??, µp, ?t
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Differences between Greek- English

• The definite article is used much more often in
  Greek than in English. The most important of its
  special uses are
• before nouns used in an abstract or general sense
  (e.g., ? a??p? love).
• before proper names (e.g., ? ???e??? Angelos)
  or names of places, avenues, streets, squares and
  geographical divisions (e.g., ? ????a Athens)
  as well as days of the week, months and every
  noun that is capitalized (e.g. ? ?????st??
  August, ? ?e?t??a Monday)
• before titles or names of professions followed by
  a person's name (e.g., ? ?????? ??µ?? Mr.
  ???mou)
• Before nouns accompanied by a demonstrative
  (this, that)
• (a?t? t? sp?t? this house), (e?e??? t?
  a???? that boy)
• The indefinite article is the same as the numeral
  "one" in Greek, but translated as "a" in English.
  

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Personal Pronouns

• Personal pronouns (I, you, he, they) are used to
  refer to the three grammatical persons and are
  also part of the English verbs since they define
  who is doing or receiving the action. Even though
  Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are
  normally left out and mostly used only for
  emphasis
• (i.e. ?s?, t? ???e?? ed? You and nobody
  else!, what are you doing here)

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Emphatic Pronouns

• The emphatic pronouns inflect for number case
  in addition the third person inflect for gender
  too! The following personal pronouns are for the
  nominative case

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Differences between Greek- English

• While in English the personal pronoun is always
  used together with the verb in order to
  distinguish the person that it is referring to,
  in Greek this is not necessary.
• The ending of the verb itself differs from the
  first person to the second and so on, and this
  indicates whether the speaker is referring to
  himself or herself, or to another person or
  persons

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Greek numbers 0-12
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Countries Nationalities
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International Song Competition Activity

• ?a??sp??a sa? (or an all purpose greeting). ??µa?
  ap? t?? ????da. ? ßa?µ?????a e??a?
• ??p??? (make a wild guess!)- 12!
• ?????a 10
• ???a?d?a 9
• S??t?a 7
• ??st?a??a 5
• ??a??a 4
• ?µe???? - 0

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International Song Competition Results
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Dialogue practice
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Greek Numbers 13-100
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First-conjugation verbs

• Are those that, in their active present tense,
  have the stress on the last syllable of the stem
  (i.e. ???f? I write, d?aß??? I read)

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Talking about your Family
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Nationalities activity answers
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Nationalities activity answers