UAS C3 Study: Progress Report

1
UAS C3 Study Progress Report

• Manan A.Vyas, Richard S. Stansbury, Timothy
  Wilson
• March 13, 2008

2
Overview

• Progress Update
• Technology Survey
• Systems Level Model
• Data Links
• Command and Control
• ATC
• Link Loss Procedures
• Communication Study
• Bandwidth Requirement
• Current Timeline

3
Progress Update

• Conceptual Systems Level Model
• Technology Survey rough draft
• LOS Technology
• BLOS Technology
• Standards and Protocols
• STANAG 4686
• JAUS
• ICAO Annex 10
• ADS-B
• Communication Study in progress
• Literature Research

4
Systems Level Model
5
Technology Survey

6
LOS Communication

• Command and Control
• Remote Control vs. Autopilot
• UA remotely piloted from ground station vs.
  flying predefined waypoints via autopilot
• Low altitude-low endurance (LALE) UAS
• Remotely piloted for takeoffs and landings
• Waypoint navigation or remotely piloted during
  mission
• e.g.. Manta B, Meridian, Raven, Silver Fox
• High altitude-high endurance (HAHE) UAS
• Entire mission via waypoint navigation.
• e.g. Predator, Global Hawk, ScanEagle

7
LOS Communication

• Command and Control (continued)
• Data links
• Varied from VHF (35 MHz) and C Band (6 MHz)
• C Band is most popular choice for HAHE UAS
• Immune to extreme weather
• UHF is common among LALE UAS with minimal BLOS
  operations
• Link Loss Procedure
• Return to home following predetermined flight
  path
• Loiter until link re-established
• Return to last know location in which link was
  active

8
LOS Communication

• ATC Communications
• Data links
• LALE UAS
• Pilot is directly linked to ATC via VHF
  transceiver
• HAHE UAS
• UA acts as a relay between local ATC facility and
  pilot
• VHF transceiver from UA to ATC
• Link Loss Procedure
• Land based phone line
• Carrying multiple VHF transceivers

9
BLOS Communication

• Command and Control
• Remote Control vs. Autopilot
• SATCOM data links are susceptible to latency
• LALE UAS
• Option of using autopilot or remote pilot
• Decision mostly affected by weather conditions
  and mission
• HAHE UAS
• Autopilot for entire mission via waypoint
  navigation
• Currently, HAHE UAS flights need extreme planning
  and coordination with FAA possible with a CoA

10
BLOS Communication

• Data links
• UHF (300 MHz) and Ku Band (15 MHz)
• Ku Band is most popular choice for HAHE UAS
• INMARSAT SATCOM is another option for reliable
  worldwide communication links
• L Band Iridium SATCOM data links are also used by
  LALE UAS
• Military UAS use Common Data Link (CDL) for
  secured communications
• Link Loss Procedure
• Same as LOS operations
• Must have planned locations for
  loitering/recovery as takeoff/landing point may
  be out of range

11
BLOS Communication

• ATC Communications
• Data links
• Same as discussed with line of sight
• Link Loss Procedure
• Similar to LOS procedures
• FAA is provided with detailed flight plan to
  locate UA in case of link loss. Ex. Altair
• Additional coordination with ATC along flight
  path

12
ADS-B

• Data links
• 1090 MHz Extended Squitter
• Airline carrier and high performance aircraft
• Interoperability with systems in Europe, Asia and
  Australia
• Compatible with Mode S transponders
• Additional equipment might be required to get
  radar derived FIS-B and TIS-B
• 978 MHz Universal Access Transceiver
• General aviation aircrafts
• No additional equipment necessary to receive
  FIS-B and TIS-B

13
ADS-B

• Data links Security
• 1090 MHz Extended Squitter
• Potential Security issues like spoofing, data
  link hijack
• Research underway to solve the security threats
• 978 MHz Universal Access Transceiver
• Inherently secured
• Inbuilt validation function on signal
• Transceiver compares data obtained from GNSS to
  calculated estimation in order to verify
  legitimacy

14
Current Timeline

• March - April
• Communication Study
• Communicate with UCB, Insitu, and others
• Outcome Communication Model
• Bandwidth Requirement based on data links used
• April - June
• Regulatory Gap Analysis
• Examine FAA regulations 14 CFR Part 21, 23, 91
  and AIM
• Do a comparative study of STANAG 4586, ICAO, FAA
  regulations and technology survey findings
• Outcome Gaps identified between FAA regulations
  and current technology
• June - August
• Report Drafting

15
References

• NATO Standards Agreement 4586, Standard
  Interfaces for UAV Control Systems (UCS) for NATO
  UAV Interoperability
• The Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems,
  Domain Model, Version 3.3
• The Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems,
  Reference Architecture, Version 3.3
• ICAO Annex 10 Volumes I - V
• "Aeronautical Services." INMARSAT. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.inmarsat.com/Services/Aeronautical/def
  ault.aspx?languageENtextonlyFalsegt.
• "Aircraft Platforms." General Atomics
  Aeronautical Systems. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.ga-asi.com/products/index.phpgt.
• Ambrosia, Vincent G., Brent Cobleigh, Chris
  Jennison, and Steve Wegener. Recent Experiences
  with Operating UAS in the NAS. Infotech
  Aerospace, 7 May 2007, AIAA. Rohnert Park,
  California, 2007.
• "Aviation Equipments." Iridium. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.iridium.com/products/product.htmgt.
• Ballinger, Mark D., and David E. Bossert. FAA
  Certification Process for a Small Unmanned
  Aircraft System One Success Story. Infotech
  Aerospace, 7 May 2007, AIAA. Rohnert Park,
  California, 2007.
• "Common Data Link." Global Security. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/cdl.
  htmgt.
• "Desert Hawk." Lockheed Martin. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.lockheedmartin.com/products/DesertHawk
  /gt.
• Hale, R D., W R. Donovan, M. Ewing, K Siegele, R
  Jager, E Leong, and W B. Liu. The Meridian UAS
  Detailed Design Review. University of Kansas.
  Lawrence, Kansas Center for Remote Sensing of
  Ice Sheets, 2007.
• Henriksen, Stephen J. Estimation of Future
  Communications Bandwidth Requirements for
  Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating in the
  National Airspace System. Infotech Aerospace, 7
  May 2007, AIAA. Rohnert Park, California, 2007.
• "Insitu Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Insitu. 7
  Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.insitu.com/uasgt.
• "Kestrel Autopilot System." Procerus
  Technologies. 7 Feb. 2008 lthttp//procerusuav.com/
  Downloads/DataSheets/Kestrel_2.2x.pdfgt.
• McMinn, J D., and E. Bruce Jackson. Autoreturn
  Function for a Remotely Piloted Vehicle.
  Guidance, Navigation, and Control, 5 Aug. 2002,
  AIAA. Monterey, California, 2002.
• "MP2028 Series Autopilots." Micropilots. 7 Feb.
  2008 lthttp//micropilot.com/autopilots.htmgt.

16
References

• Neale, Michael, and Michael J. Schultz. Current
  and Future Unmanned Aircraft System Control and
  Communications Datalink. Infotech Aerospace, 7
  May 2007, AIAA. Rohnert Park, California, 2007.
• Ro, Kapseong, Jun-Seok Oh, and Lang Dong.
  Lessons Learned Application of Small UAV for
  Urban Highway Traffic Montoring. 45th Aerospace
  Sciences, 8 Jan. 2007, AIAA. Reno, Nevada, 2007.
  
• Strain, Robert C., Matthew T. Degarmo, and J.
  Chris Moody. A Lightweight, Low-Cost ADS-B System
  for UAS Applications. Infotech Aerospace, 7 May
  2007, AIAA. Rohnert Park, California, 2007.
• "UAV Test Platforms." Procerus Technologies. 7
  Feb. 2008 lthttp//procerusuav.com/Downloads/DataSh
  eets/UAV_Platform.pdfgt.
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Flight Regulations
  95-23. US Army. Fort Carson, Colorado The Army
  Headquarters, 2005.
• "Unmanned Aircraft Systems." AAI Corporation. 7
  Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.aaicorp.com/New/UAS/index.ht
  mgt.
• "Unmanned Aircraft Systems." AeroVironment, Inc.
  7 Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.avinc.com/UAS.aspgt.
• "Unmanned Systems." Northrop Grumman Integrated
  Systems. 7 Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.is.northropgrumma
  n.com/systems/systems_ums.htmlgt.
• "Unmanned Vehicle Systems." Advance Ceramic
  Research. 7 Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.acrtucson.com/UA
  V/index.htmgt.
• Walker, Laurence A. Flight Testing the X-36 - the
  Test Pilot's Perspective. NASA. Edwards,
  California Dryden Flight Research Center, 1997.
  
• "What is C Band?" The Tech-FAQ. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.tech-faq.com/c-band.shtmlgt.
• "XTend-PKG RF Modems." Maxstream. 7 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.digi.com/pdf/ds_xtend.pdfgt.
• "ADS-B Security." EUROCONTROL. 6 Dec. 2007. 21
  Feb. 2008 lthttp//www.eurocontrol.be/cascade/publi
  c/standard_page/security.htmlgt.
• "Australia Delays ADS-B Deployment." IHS. 2 Aug.
  2006. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. 21
  Feb. 2008 lthttp//aero-defense.ihs.com/news/2006/a
  opa-australia-ads-b.htmgt.
• "Capstone Program." Federal Aviation
  Administration. 13 Nov. 2007. 21 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_
  offices/arc/programs/capstone/gt.
• "Fourth Meeting of the AFI CNS/ATM Implementation
  Co-Ordination Sub-Group." International Civil
  Aviation Organization. 14 Mar. 2003. 21 Feb. 2008
  lthttp//www.icao.int/icao/en/ro/wacaf/apirg/afi_cn
  satm_4/WP08_eng.pdfgt.