Final Exam Review

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Final Exam Review

• Chapters 13, 14, 15

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Compromise of 1850

• Southern slave states were enraged that
  California would join the Union as a free state,
  since the balance would be tipped in favor of the
  North in Congress
• Many issues were addressed in the Compromise of
  1850
• California was to join the Union as a free state
• Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and
  Nevada would decide to be free or slave states,
  when they joined the Union
• Texas border issue was to be settled in exchange
  for 10,000,000 to Texas in exchange for the land
• Washington D.C. would ban slave trade, but
  slavery was still legal in the district
• 1852 Fugitive Slave Act passed with the idea of
  pacifying angry slave states about the now,
  majority free states in the Union

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1852

• A very controversial Act
• Favored whites and was completely unfair to
  blacks, free or slave
• It required citizens to assist in the recovery of
  fugitive slaves
• It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial
• There would be more federal officials responsible
  for enforcing the law
• Free blacks entering free states were rounded up
  and returned into slavery
• Act resulted in many blacks fleeing to Canada
• The Underground Railroad became very popular
• Abolitionists of the North also felt that the Law
  was unfair, and were even more determined to
  remove slavery
• Act brought slavery issue to the forefront and
  set the path to the Civil War

4
Womens Rights Movements

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked with other famous
  womens rights activists such as Lucretia Mott,
  and Susan B. Anthony, and they paved the way for
  a womens rights convention at Seneca Falls, New
  York
• Seneca Falls Convention was the first convention
  where the status of women in society was
  addressed

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Wilmot Proviso

• Wilmot Proviso of 1846 was an amendment added to
  a congressional appropriations bill, prohibiting
  slavery for ever existing in any territories
  acquired from Mexico in the U.S.-Mexican War
• Proviso passes in House, fails in Senate

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Lewis Cass and Popular Sovereignty

• General Lewis Cass was the father of popular
  sovereignty
• Popular Sovereignty The idea that individual
  territories applying for statehood should decide
  the issue of slavery for themselves idea
  supported by many antislavery forces

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

• 1854 Stephen Douglas introduces Kansas-Nebraska
  bill organizing the Nebraska Territory which
  included Kansas
• apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska
• repeal Missouri Compromise line
• Southerners opposed the organization of the
  territory unless slavery was permitted Act passes
  on sectional vote
• Northerners outraged
• Issue inflamed all sides of the slavery issue,
  dragging the country closer to war

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

• Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate
• Mass defection among Northern Democrats
• Anti-Nebraska candidates sweep North in 1854
  congressional elections
• Democrats become sole Southern party
• President Pierces effort to acquire Cuba
  provokes antislavery firestorm

12
The Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Supreme Court
  decision regarding the claims of freedom of a
  slave that had been transported into a free state
• Court refuses narrow determination of case
• Major arguments
• Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor
  any other black, slave or free, was a citizen
• Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in
  territories, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
• Ruling strengthens Republicans

13
Election of 1856

• Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes only in
  free states
• Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional
  compromise
• Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of
  1850, wins election
• Republicans make clear gains in North
• Sectional quarrel becomes virtually
  irreconcilable under Buchanan
• Growing sense of deep cultural differences,
  opposing interests between North and South

14
The Lecompton Constitution

• 1857 rigged Lecompton convention drafts
  constitution to make Kansas a slave state
• The pro-slavery Lecompton constitution was
  created without a mandate from majority of
  settlers of Kansas it led to an uncertain status
  for Kansas and divided the Democrats further
• House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners to
  admit Kansas
• Lecompton constitution referred back
• People of Kansas repudiate
• Stephen Douglas splits Democrats in break with
  Buchanan over Lecompton

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

• The Lincoln-Douglas debates held in Illinois
  Lincolns persuasive debates were regarding
  slavery
• Debates were to decide who would win the Illinois
  seat in the U.S. Senate
• Lincoln
• decries Southern plot to extend slavery
• promises to work for slaverys extinction
• casts slavery as a moral problem
• defends white supremacy in response to Douglas
• Stephen Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring
  equality
• Lincoln loses election, gains national reputation

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858

• Douglas I care more for the great principle of
  self-government, the right of the people to rule,
  than I do for all the negroes in Christendom.
• Lincoln my wish is that the spread of
  slavery may be arrested, and that it may be
  placed where the public mind shall rest in the
  belief that it is in the course of ultimate
  extinction.

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Election of 1860

• Democrats Party splits
• Northern Democrat, Stephen Douglas
• Southern Democrat, John Breckenridge
• Constitutional Union Party Candidate John Bell
  who promises compromise between North and South
• Republicans Abraham Lincoln nominated
• home state of Illinois crucial to election
• seen as moderate
• Platform to widen partys appeal
• high tariffs for industry
• free homesteads for small farmers
• government aid for internal improvements
• Lincoln wins by carrying North
• Republic of equal rights vs. the Southern way of
  life

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Election of 1860
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Election of 1860

• Lincoln elected President (Republican Party)
• Electoral votes 180(Republican) to 123(Others
  parties)
• Six out of ten Americans voted for candidates
  other than Lincoln
• No votes from the Deep South and only four
  percent from upper South
• Republicans failed to gain control in House
• Five Supreme Court Justices upheld institution of
  slavery

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The Confederacy

• December 20,1860 South Carolina secedes from the
  Union
• February 1861 Confederate States of America
  formed including South Carolina, Georgia,
  Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
  Texas
• Government headed by moderates
• Confederate constitution resembles U.S., but
  invoked power of sovereign and independent
  states
• Jefferson Davis elected as 1st president of the
  Confederate states
• Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Union
• Southerners hope to attract Northern states into
  Confederacy

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Secession
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Civil War

• The following slides are only to be used in
  conjunction with class notes and the text book
• It will also have some information about Lincoln
  and his goals and achievements you need to
  supplement this information using the text and
  class notes

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Initial War Strategy (South)

• South adopts defensive strategy North must fight
  in unfamiliar, hostile terrain
• Cotton for military support, diplomatic
  recognition, and financial assistance from
  European powers
• Hogs and corn to feed the troops
• They need only fend off the Union to survive
• Small units of troops under leadership of
  experienced officers such as Lee and Thomas
  Jackson, were to crush Union armies which
  ventured into Confederate territory
• South was to use services of about 3 million
  black slaves who were expected to fight on their
  side, against Union forces
• Economic warfare Northern industry and labor
  depended on Southern cotton stopping cotton
  supply would cripple Northern economy

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Initial War Strategy (North)

• Great manufacturing abilities and most of the
  railroads
• Greater population to draw from
• Diverse economy with food and textiles
• Anaconda Plan seal off the South from supply
  lines
• Political offensive to undermine Confederate
  sympathizers
• Lincoln adopts three-part strategy
• capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va.
• seize control of the Mississippi River, so
  Confederacy could not avail of foreign help and
  supplies
• deploy navy to blockade Southern ports

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Common Problems

• Both treasuries had started the war empty and the
  cost of fighting was enormous
• Both sides initiated taxation on a small scale
• Both sides tried borrowing in the form of
  government bonds
• Both sides resorted to printing inflated amounts
  of money
• Both sides confronted severe manpower needs and
  had to enact some form of draft
• 1862 North South begin conscription
• Conscription All men between ages 18-35 (later
  became 45) were required to sign up for 3 years
  of service in the army

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The Republicans War

• April, 1861 Lincoln gives Scott power to suspend
  writ of habeas corpus (a document that protected
  rights of arrested people)
• The policy was used against anyone who interfered
  with war mobilization of men and supplies
• Abolitionists frustrated with Union policies
  towards slaveholders
• Democrats denounce Lincoln as a tyrant and a
  dictator
• War profiteers and the changing face of
  manufacturing
• John D. Rockefeller changes from trading to
  refining crude oil
• Profiteers sold commodities at inflated prices
• 1861 U.S. Sanitary Commission formed
• Physicians, nurses, cooks, laundresses joined
  Union hospitals
• Dorothea Dix became superintendent of nurses

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Republican Strategy in War

• Union forces indifferent to rights and welfare of
  northern as well as southern blacks
• Lincoln revoked directive to seize property and
  emancipation of slaves in effort to not alienate
  slaveholders on the fence
• Capture of Port Royal, SC blacks treated as
  contraband of war blacks were neither property
  nor people who deserved human rights
• Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in
  February 1862
• New Orleans fell to Union army in April of 1862
• General Butler returned runaway slaves to
  Unionist slaveholders, in order to retain their
  loyalty

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Ravages of War Summer of 1862

• Southern slave population greatly reduced with
  increase in runaway slaves
• Union troops conduct savage campaigns against
  Indian Tribes
• Pledges unfulfilled
• Rebellion at Wood Lake 38 Indians hanged
• Apache leader, Mangas Colorado, murdered
• Carsons campaign of terror against Navajos
• Sept., 1862 Battle of Antietam Creek Union
  victory at high cost 20,000 dead bloodiest
  single day of the Civil War
• The Army is full of sick men disease and
  infection claimed many

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln devastated by loss of life at Antietam
  Creek
• He envisioned the freeing of the slaves primarily
  as a tool for crippling the South
• He argued that freeing the slaves would
  ultimately save white lives and preserve the
  Union
• Issued Emancipation Proclamation that would take
  effect on January 1, 1863
• All slaves in Confederate territory were free
• Slavery left intact in Border States and in
  territory conquered by Union (1 million blacks
  excluded)
• Lincoln favored black colonization in Central
  America and West Indies
• Confederacy loses thousands of slave laborers
• Copperheads Democrats opposed to the war
  rallied for peace with the South
• Working class resentment rose
• They paid higher taxes, as well as lost their
  livelihood when trade declined with foreign
  nations

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Tide Turns Against the South

• May, 1863 Battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia
  Union army defeated by Confederate forces
  Jackson killed by his own men huge loss for
  Confederate army
• July, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg, PA
• 3 day battle
• 92,000 Union troops under command of Gen. George
  Meade
• 76,000 Confederate troops under command of Robert
  Lee
• Battle toll very high for both sides One-third
  of Lees army killed or wounded
• 23,000 Union soldiers killed or wounded 28,000
  Confederate troops killed or wounded
• Union defeats the South at Gettysburg and shines
  hope on possible end of war both in the North as
  well as in the South
• July, 4th, 1863 Ulysses S. Grant defeats
  Confederate forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi
• Eventually became Supreme Commander of Union
  armies

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The Desperate South

• South reeling after defeat and destruction of
  battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg
• Aug. 21st, 1863 Jefferson Davis proclaims it as,
  a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer.
• Quantrill raids Lawrence, Kansas
• Quantrill was Confederate leader who used
  guerilla warfare to fight his enemies
• Lawrence was abolitionist stronghold
• Quantrill and his rebel troops destroy the town
  and massacre the townspeople
• Ulysses S. Grants victories at Missionary Ridge
  and Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, causes Britain
  and France to stop any excessive support to the
  Confederacy
• Nov. 19th, 1863 Lincoln delivers Gettysburg
  Address to affirm nations new birth of freedom

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Defeat of the Confederacy 1864-1865

• Union troops fight a hard war
• Troops to live off the land, burn anything that
  was useful to Confederates, and seize Confederate
  supplies and livestock
• Aim was to de-moralize the South and to help
  Union troops move through enemy territory
  capture area west of Georgia, capture Richmond,
  and destroy armies in the area
• March 9, 1864 Grant made supreme commander of
  Union armies
• Union invades the South on all fronts

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Last Days of the Confederacy

• Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (Union) and his men
  march through Georgia
• Union army burned railroads and left a devastated
  landscape in the South
• Sept., 2nd 1864 Sherman takes Atlanta
• Dec. Sherman takes Savannah
• Feb., 1865 Columbia, South Carolina, is captured
  and burned
• April, 1865 Robert Lee (Confederate) is defeated
  by Ulysses S. Grant (Union) at Petersburg,
  Virginia
• Lee realizes that Confederate defeat is imminent
• April 9th, 1865 Lee and his forces defeated at
  Appomatox, Virginia Lee surrenders at Appomattox
  Courthouse
• April 14th, 1865 Lincoln shot and killed by John
  Wilkes Booth while attending a play
• Lincoln became last but not the least casualty of
  the war
• May 26 Final capitulation of Confederacy

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Effects of the War

• 620,000 troops dead
• Bereft women seek non-domestic roles
• Four million African Americans free, not equal
• Industrial workers face wartime inflation
• Federal government predominant over states
• Federal government takes activist role in the
  economy
• higher tariffs, free land, national banking
  system
• Most expensive war in U.S. history as far as lost
  lives, and devastation of property
• In the end, Union was preserved and slavery was
  destroyed

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Election of 1864

• Republican candidate is Lincoln with VP
  candidate, Andrew Johnson Democratic candidate
  is George Little Mac McClellan (former General
  of Union army)
• Lincoln wins land-slide victory and becomes
  president for send term
• Peace Platform
• Carried majority of army vote Union troops loyal
  to Father Abraham

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Rehearsals for Post-War Restoration

• Dec. 1863 Lincoln introduces the Ten Percent
  Plan to Congress
• This allowed Confederate states to form new state
  governments if 10 of those who had voted in the
  1860 presidential election, renounced slavery and
  pledged allegiance to the Union
• Congress resents Lincolns effort to control the
  situation and instead passes the Wade-Davis Bill
• This bill required a majority of Southern voters
  to pledge allegiance to the United States
• Lincoln vetoes this Bill but approves the
  creation of the Freedmans Bureau (Mar. 1865)

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Freedmans Bureau

• Established on Mar. 3rd, 1865
• Also known as the Bureau of Refugees
• It was a federal agency that was formed to aid
  distressed refugees who had been loyal to the
  Union, after the Civil War (blacks as well as
  poor whites)
• It was initiated by Lincoln and was intended to
  last for one year after the end of the Civil War
• The bureau helped set up schools, supervised
  labor contracts, settled domestic disputes and
  legalized marriages that had taken place under
  slavery
• Served as an early employment agency for African
  Americans

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Black Codes

• Republicans opposed to Johnsons policies and
  thought they were too lenient
• Southern states used his policies to pass the
  Black Codes
• They were unfair laws aimed at blacks
• Any blacks violating the Black Codes were
  imprisoned or forced into labor
• By these codes
• Blacks that were not working in fields could be
  imprisoned (vagrants)
• No voting rights
• Could not own land
• Could not serve in juries
• Could not carry weapons
• Could not leave jobs unless justified in doing so

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Sharecropping

• This system became very popular in the years
  following the Civil War
• By this system, poor blacks as well as whites,
  could enter into annual contracts with white
  landowners
• In exchange for labor, the white landowner would
  advance crop seed, mules, farm implements, food
  and clothing to the poor workers
• At the end of the year, if the debt was yet
  unpaid, they continued to work in hope of
  re-paying the debtvicious cycle
• Landowner could evict laborers and his families
  if he was displeased with his work

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Radical Reconstruction

• Coalition of radical Republicans led by Charles
  Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens push Congress to pass
  Reconstruction Act of 1867
• purpose to purge the South of disloyalty one and
  for all
• former Confederates lost voting rights
• Confederate states would not be re-admitted to
  Union until 14th Amendment was ratified, new
  constitution granting black men voting rights,
  was written
• South (Tennessee exempted) to be divided into
  military districts
• Federal troops stationed in South to protect
  Union leaders and restore political and economic
  order
• Congress passed 2 more acts
• Aim was to get more power than the president

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Radical Reconstruction

• Tenure of Office Act restricted presidential
  appointment powers in light of Johnsons
  aggressive racism and determination to foil any
  reconstruction process aim was to prevent
  President from firing Sect. of War Edwin Stanton,
  who supported the radical Republicans
• Command of the Army Act required the president
  to seek approval for military orders from Ulysses
  S. Grant, who also supported the Republicans
• Both acts violated Separation of powers doctrine
  of Constitution
• Both Acts caused national crisis
• 1868 Johnson violates Tenure of Office Act and
  fires Stanton to defy Congress
• Congress moves to impeach Johnson

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Radical Reconstruction

• South under military rule until black suffrage
  fully secured
• Johnson moves to obstruct Reconstruction
• February, 1868 Congress impeaches Johnson
• Senate refuses to convict Johnson, because they
  are 1 vote short of two-thirds majority, in
  Senate, to do this
• Radical Republicans seen as subversive of
  Constitution, lose public support
• End of political career for Johnson
• Ulysses S. Grant becomes President in Election of
  1868

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Central Pacific Railroad

• Owners of CPR wanted to build railroad trestles
  from California to the east
• Aim was to aid easy passage of people
• Acute labor problems
• Irish laborers demanded higher wages and left
  upon news of gold being located nearby
• Solution was to import cheap Chinese labor from
  Guangdong province, China
• Chinese laborers worked under grueling conditions
  to finish railroad
• Many settled in California

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Post-War Womens Suffrage Movement

• War encourages women to want to participate in
  nations politics
• Women wanted the right to vote because they
  deserved it
• 1866 Equal Rights Association is created by
  Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and
  Lucy Stone
• Aim was to link rights of white women with
  African American women

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Womens Suffrage

• 1867 Kansas rejects a proposal for joint
  suffrage for both blacks and white women
• Many feel it would be better if suffrage was
  granted to blacks first and then approach the
  matter for womens suffrage
• 1869 Women reformers split into 2 groups
• Radical group with Anthony and Stanton denounce
  the 15th Amendment, since it gave suffrage only
  to black men
• They create the National Woman Suffrage
  Association which favored liberalization of
  divorce laws, married womens property rights,
  setting up of colleges and trade schools for
  women, and most importantly, the right to vote

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Womens Suffrage

• Joined for a brief period of time by Victoria
  Woodhull
• 1872 Anthony is arrested for attempting to vote
  in the presidential election of 1872 and later
  tried and convicted for the crime
• NWSA later joins up with AWSA and focuses mainly
  on voting rights for women
• The second group under Lucy Stone and her
  husband, Henry Blackwell, set up the American
  Woman Suffrage Association, which favored the
  15th Amendment and focused only on the issue of
  voting rights for women, and worked on
  state-by-state campaigns to get suffrage for
  women

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Some quick definitions

• GOLD RUSH 1849-1859 California Gold Rush
  brought thousands of new migrants as well as
  immigrants to California
• Known as the Forty-Niners
• OSTEND MANIFESTO was a secret document written
  in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium,
  describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain
• JOHN WILKES BOOTH was an actor who assassinated
  Abraham Lincoln in April, 1865, becoming the
  first person to assassinate a president

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• 13TH AMENDMENT to the United States Constitution
  officially abolished slavery in 1865
• 14th AMENDMENT was intended to protect the civil
  rights of former slaves it promised perpetual
  protection of the civil rights of black Americans
  by legally defining them as citizens
• WILLIAM TWEED 1870s A political organization
  in New York City called Tammany Hall was
  notorious for bribery and extortion
• William Boss Tweed was the head of Tammany Hall
  and was tried and convicted for his crimes and
  schemes to milk common people
• JOHN BROWN was a white American abolitionist who
  advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a
  means to abolish all slavery. He led the
  Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas
  and the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in
  1859.

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• THOMAS STONEWALL JACKSON was a Confederate
  general during the American Civil War, and
  probably the most revered Confederate commander
  after General Robert E. Lee Confederate pickets
  accidentally shot him at the Battle of
  Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863
• ROBERT LEE was a brilliant Confederate general,
  whose military genius was probably the greatest
  single factor in keeping the Confederacy alive
  through the four years of the American Civil War
  In February 1865 Lee was made commander in chief
  of all Confederate armies two months later the
  war was virtually ended by his surrender to
  General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court
  House
• ULYSSES S. GRANT He achieved international fame
  as the leading Union general in the American
  Civil War he the eighteenth President of the
  United States he was named commanding general of
  the Federal armies in 1864

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• JAMES BUCHANAN was the 15th president of the
  United States he belonged to the Democratic
  Party his vice president was John C.
  Breckinridge Buchanan defeated John C. Frémont,
  the first Republican candidate for president in
  1856
• ZACHARY TAYLOR was an American military leader
  and the twelfth President of the United States
  he was recruited by the Whig Party as their
  nominee in the 1848 presidential election in
  which Taylor defeated the Democratic nominee,
  Lewis Cass Taylor died just 16 months into his
  term and Vice President Millard Fillmore then
  became President.