Ecology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 33
About This Presentation
Title:

Ecology

Description:

Food web shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem ... tropical rainforest temperate woodland & shrub. tropical dry forest temperate forest ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:22
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 34
Provided by: firstand
Category:
Tags: ecology

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Ecology


1
Ecology
Characteristics of Living Things
2
All living things are made of cells Structure
relates to function
  • Unicellular 1 celled organism
  • Multi-cellular organisms made of many cells
  • Differentiation cells taking specific shape to
    perform specific functions

3
All living things maintain internal stability
  • Internal stability constancy of organisms
    internal environment relative to the exterior
  • Homeostasis refers to the organisms ability to
    maintain ones internal environment regardless of
    exterior environment

4
All living things reproduce pass along genetic
traits
  • DNA a double stranded molecule containing
    hereditary info
  • Sexual reproduction sperm egg, ½ DNA from
    each parent to offspring
  • Asexual reproduction cloning

5
Evolution
  • A theory that allows us to understand how
    populations change over time
  • Natural selection is a process that drives
    evolution

6
All living things grow and develop
7
All living things require matter energy
  • Matter all parts of every living organism is
    composed of atoms
  • Metabolism sum of the rxs occurring in an
    organism to grow obtain energy
  • Energy homeostasis, growth, maintenance,
    reproduction
  • Autotrophs produce their own food, photosynthesis
  • Heterotrophs are those who consume other organisms

8
Levels of Organization
biosphere biome ecosystem community population org
anism organ system organs tissue cells molecule at
oms
ecology
biology
9
The Living WorldJust how much do we know?
  • Up to 10 million insects yet to be discovered
  • New species of monkey just found
  • A drop of sea water contains 1-2 million unknown
    viruses

and the list goes on and on!
10
Graphing
  • Line graph
  • relationship between 2 variables
  • both must be numerical

11
  • Bar graphs or histograms
  • relationship between 2 variables
  • only one variable must be a number, other maybe
    any category, i.e. trees

12
  • Pie graph
  • Shows parts of a whole, generally as percents
  • If 20 out of 32 students had a B in biology we
    could determine the piece of the pie chart with
    the following relationship
  • 20 x x 225
  • 32 360

13
Graphing Variables
  • Independent variable
  • data that influences outcome of experiment,
    often you can control this variable, i.e. time
  • always plotted on the x-axis
  • Dependent variable
  • the outcome variable, depends upon the
    independent variable
  • plotted on the y-axis

14
Simple Graphing Rules
  • Every increment on the x- or y-axis must equal
    every other increment
  • Utilize the entire graph from left to right top
    to bottom
  • Every graph must have a title
  • the x- y- axis must be labeled show the units
    of measure

15
Chapter 3 The Biosphere
  • What do ecologist study?
  • the flow of energy through an ecosystem
  • the interactions amongst the organisms
  • the interactions between the biotic abiotic

16
Energy Flow
  • Producers, a.k.a. autotrophs
  • Photosynthetic autotrophs use sunlight to produce
    carbohydrates from inorganic cmpds, water
    carbon dioxide
  • Chemosynthetic autotrophs extract energy from
    inorganic cmpds to produce carbohydrates

17
  • Consumers, a.k.a. heterotrophs
  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
  • Detrivores
  • Decomposers

18
Feeding Relationships Energy Flow
  • Food chains show a direct flow of energy
  • Food web shows all the possible food chains in an
    ecosystem

19
  • Trophic level refers to the position in a food
    chain at which one feeds. Producers are always
    the 1st trophic level

20
Ecological Pyramids
  • 3 types
  • Energy pyramids
  • Biomass pyramids
  • Numbers pyramid
  • Energy flows only one way

21
  • 10 rule says the energy available at each level
    transfers only about 10 to the next level upward

22
Biogeochemical Cycles
  • Water cycle evaporation, transpiration,
    precipitation

23
  • Carbon cycle

24
  • Phosphate cycle either land locked or ocean
    locked, but does not enter atmosphere
  • Nitrogen cycle

25
Chapter 4 Ecosystems Communities
  • Weather refers to day by day temps
    precipitation
  • Climate refers to year by year averages of temps
    precipitation
  • The Greenhouse Effect CO2 forms a global blanket

Global warming occurs with or without
human intervention. The question is, are we
accelerating the process? Most would say yes!
26
  • NOTE The Greenhouse Effect is not related to the
    depletion of the ozone layer.
  • Latitude affects climate
  • Heat transfer
  • Uneven heating by sun causes convection currents
  • Air bunches up causing area of high pressure
    (lots of air), which rushes towards an area of
    low pressure. Because the Earth spins, fluids
    (winds water) are deflected. In the northern
    hemisphere, fluids are deflected in a clockwise
    fashion (opposite in southern), so high pressure
    air flows off clockwise to low pressure area.
    This deflection of fluids is known as the
    Coriolis effect.
  • El Niño is a reversal of the Pacific equatorial
    current

27
Components of the Ecosystem
  • Physical biological aspects
  • Biotic factors include all living parts
  • Abiotic factors include all non-living parts
  • pH salinity nitrogen
  • Temp oxygen humidity
  • nutrients sunlight wind

28
Organization w/in the Ecosystem
  • Habitat is where an organism lives, address
  • Niche defines organisms life style, trophic
    level, climatic tolerance, reproduction, etc.
  • Competitive exclusion principle no 2 species may
    occupy the same niche 1 out competes the other

29
Community Interactions
  • Competition, hawk a fox after a rabbit
  • Predation, a tiger eating a gazelle
  • Symbiosis a close association between 2
    different species
  • Mutualism both benefit, i.e. flowers/pollinators
  • Commensalism 1 benefits, the other not harmed
    nor benefits, i.e. cow cow bird
  • Parasitism 1 benefits 1 harmed

30
(No Transcript)
31
Changes in Ecosystems a.k.a. Successionorderly
change over time
  • Primary succession baron rock to mature biome,
    i.e. glacial retreat, volcanic action, 103s to
    106s of years
  • Secondary succession occurs when nature or
    humans disrupt an ecosystem or biome, i.e.
    farming, tornado, fire, rebounds in tens or
    hundreds of years

32
Biomes
  • Biomes are large areas on Earth in which soil,
    water, temps are characteristic.
  • tropical rainforest temperate woodland shrub
  • tropical dry forest temperate forest
  • tropical savanna boreal forest, a.k.a. taiga
  • desert northern coniferous forest
  • temperate grassland tundra

33
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Flowing water rivers, streams
  • Standing water lakes, ponds
  • Freshwater wetlands standing or flowing,
    including the bog (standing), marsh (along a
    river part time) swamp (wet all time w/trees)
  • Estuaries river meet ocean
  • Marine ecosystem divided vertically and
    horizontally for study
  • Note You should study the differences in the
    above
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com