Title: Ecology
1Ecology
Characteristics of Living Things
2All living things are made of cells Structure
relates to function
- Unicellular 1 celled organism
- Multi-cellular organisms made of many cells
- Differentiation cells taking specific shape to
perform specific functions
3All living things maintain internal stability
- Internal stability constancy of organisms
internal environment relative to the exterior
- Homeostasis refers to the organisms ability to
maintain ones internal environment regardless of
exterior environment
4All living things reproduce pass along genetic
traits
- DNA a double stranded molecule containing
hereditary info
- Sexual reproduction sperm egg, ½ DNA from
each parent to offspring
- Asexual reproduction cloning
5Evolution
- A theory that allows us to understand how
populations change over time - Natural selection is a process that drives
evolution
6All living things grow and develop
7All living things require matter energy
- Matter all parts of every living organism is
composed of atoms - Metabolism sum of the rxs occurring in an
organism to grow obtain energy - Energy homeostasis, growth, maintenance,
reproduction - Autotrophs produce their own food, photosynthesis
- Heterotrophs are those who consume other organisms
8Levels of Organization
biosphere biome ecosystem community population org
anism organ system organs tissue cells molecule at
oms
ecology
biology
9The Living WorldJust how much do we know?
- Up to 10 million insects yet to be discovered
- New species of monkey just found
- A drop of sea water contains 1-2 million unknown
viruses
and the list goes on and on!
10Graphing
- Line graph
- relationship between 2 variables
- both must be numerical
11- Bar graphs or histograms
- relationship between 2 variables
- only one variable must be a number, other maybe
any category, i.e. trees
12- Pie graph
- Shows parts of a whole, generally as percents
- If 20 out of 32 students had a B in biology we
could determine the piece of the pie chart with
the following relationship - 20 x x 225
- 32 360
13Graphing Variables
- Independent variable
- data that influences outcome of experiment,
often you can control this variable, i.e. time - always plotted on the x-axis
- Dependent variable
- the outcome variable, depends upon the
independent variable - plotted on the y-axis
14Simple Graphing Rules
- Every increment on the x- or y-axis must equal
every other increment - Utilize the entire graph from left to right top
to bottom - Every graph must have a title
- the x- y- axis must be labeled show the units
of measure
15Chapter 3 The Biosphere
- What do ecologist study?
- the flow of energy through an ecosystem
- the interactions amongst the organisms
- the interactions between the biotic abiotic
16Energy Flow
- Producers, a.k.a. autotrophs
- Photosynthetic autotrophs use sunlight to produce
carbohydrates from inorganic cmpds, water
carbon dioxide - Chemosynthetic autotrophs extract energy from
inorganic cmpds to produce carbohydrates
17- Consumers, a.k.a. heterotrophs
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores
- Detrivores
- Decomposers
18Feeding Relationships Energy Flow
- Food chains show a direct flow of energy
- Food web shows all the possible food chains in an
ecosystem
19- Trophic level refers to the position in a food
chain at which one feeds. Producers are always
the 1st trophic level
20Ecological Pyramids
- 3 types
- Energy pyramids
- Biomass pyramids
- Numbers pyramid
- Energy flows only one way
21- 10 rule says the energy available at each level
transfers only about 10 to the next level upward
22Biogeochemical Cycles
- Water cycle evaporation, transpiration,
precipitation
23 24- Phosphate cycle either land locked or ocean
locked, but does not enter atmosphere - Nitrogen cycle
25Chapter 4 Ecosystems Communities
- Weather refers to day by day temps
precipitation - Climate refers to year by year averages of temps
precipitation - The Greenhouse Effect CO2 forms a global blanket
Global warming occurs with or without
human intervention. The question is, are we
accelerating the process? Most would say yes!
26- NOTE The Greenhouse Effect is not related to the
depletion of the ozone layer. - Latitude affects climate
- Heat transfer
- Uneven heating by sun causes convection currents
- Air bunches up causing area of high pressure
(lots of air), which rushes towards an area of
low pressure. Because the Earth spins, fluids
(winds water) are deflected. In the northern
hemisphere, fluids are deflected in a clockwise
fashion (opposite in southern), so high pressure
air flows off clockwise to low pressure area.
This deflection of fluids is known as the
Coriolis effect. - El Niño is a reversal of the Pacific equatorial
current
27Components of the Ecosystem
- Physical biological aspects
- Biotic factors include all living parts
- Abiotic factors include all non-living parts
- pH salinity nitrogen
- Temp oxygen humidity
- nutrients sunlight wind
28Organization w/in the Ecosystem
- Habitat is where an organism lives, address
- Niche defines organisms life style, trophic
level, climatic tolerance, reproduction, etc. - Competitive exclusion principle no 2 species may
occupy the same niche 1 out competes the other
29Community Interactions
- Competition, hawk a fox after a rabbit
- Predation, a tiger eating a gazelle
- Symbiosis a close association between 2
different species - Mutualism both benefit, i.e. flowers/pollinators
- Commensalism 1 benefits, the other not harmed
nor benefits, i.e. cow cow bird - Parasitism 1 benefits 1 harmed
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31Changes in Ecosystems a.k.a. Successionorderly
change over time
- Primary succession baron rock to mature biome,
i.e. glacial retreat, volcanic action, 103s to
106s of years
- Secondary succession occurs when nature or
humans disrupt an ecosystem or biome, i.e.
farming, tornado, fire, rebounds in tens or
hundreds of years
32Biomes
- Biomes are large areas on Earth in which soil,
water, temps are characteristic. - tropical rainforest temperate woodland shrub
- tropical dry forest temperate forest
- tropical savanna boreal forest, a.k.a. taiga
- desert northern coniferous forest
- temperate grassland tundra
33Aquatic Ecosystems
- Flowing water rivers, streams
- Standing water lakes, ponds
- Freshwater wetlands standing or flowing,
including the bog (standing), marsh (along a
river part time) swamp (wet all time w/trees) - Estuaries river meet ocean
- Marine ecosystem divided vertically and
horizontally for study - Note You should study the differences in the
above