Reconstruction 186377

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(No Transcript)
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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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Reconstruction 1863-77

• Abraham Lincolns Presidential Plan 10 of 1860
  electorate in each Southern State had to take an
  oath of loyalty to Union.
• Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee were the first
  three reconstructed by 1864.
• Election of 1864, Lincoln(Republican) v.
  McClellan(Democrat).
• Andrew Johnson, Unionist Democrat Vice President
  nominated with Lincoln.

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General Oliver Howard, leader of the Freedmans
Bureau which helped former slaves make the
transition to freedom
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Radical Republican leader, Benjamin Wade, opposed
Lincolns plan for Reconstruction
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Wade-Davis Bill

• Unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and
  others in Congress to set Reconstruction policy
  before the end of the Civil War.
• Sponsored by Benjamin Wade, and Henry Davis.
• Lincoln to veto it.

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Wade-Davis Bill, 1864

• Provided for the appointment of provisional
  military governors in seceded states.
• Rejected Lincolns 10 plan to bring together
  union.
• Radicals wanted a majority of a states white
  citizens to swear allegiance to the Union before
  a constitutional convention could be called.

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Wade-Davis Bill, 1864

• To qualify for franchise, a person would be
  required to take an oath that he had never
  voluntarily given aid to the Confederacy, Iron
  Clad Oath.
• Each states constitution was required to abolish
  slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify
  Confederate officials from voting or holding
  office.

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Lincoln (Green)defeats McClellan(Blue)
Confederate States(Brown) did not participate
http//fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps
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Andrew Johnson

• Tennessee native
• Unionist Democrat
• VP for Lincolns second term
• Became President after Lincolns assassination in
  April 1865
• Increased tension with Republican Congress

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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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John Wilkes Booth, Lincolns Assassin
Link to photograph of Fords Theatre at Library
of Congress
Link to picture of President Lincolns box at
Fords Theatre in Washington, DC http//lcweb2.loc
.gov/ pnp/cwp/4a39000/ 4a39800/4a39899r.jpg
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Execution of the conspirators in Lincolns
Assassination
http//lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/cwp/ 4a39000/4a39600/4a3
9663r.jpg
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Leaders of the Radical Republicans Senator
Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens
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Hester Holmes Elderly black resident of Southern
Plantation after Civil War many former slaves
become tenants after the war.

• http//www.webarchaeology.com/Html/HolmesC.htm

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THE BLACK CODES

• Were passed by the legislature in the
  Presidential-Reconstruction Southern States.
• Former Confederates determined to keep black
  people in an inferior position.
• Interracial marriages were forbidden.

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BLACK CODES

• 1. Special punishments were designed for the
  blacks.
• 2. Blacks could be imprisoned for being
  unemployed.
• 3. Blacks were forced to sign labor contracts
  requiring them to work at a job for a full year.

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Alexander Stephens, Confederate VP who was
elected to the US Senate from Georgia during
Presidential Reconstruction
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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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First Radical Reconstruction Act

• After winning the Congressional elections in
  November 1866, Radical Republicans take over
  Reconstruction.
• March 2, 1867 A new law divided the former
  Confederacy(exclusive of Tennessee which had
  already ratified the 14th Amendment) into 5
  military districts, each controlled by a Union
  major general.

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Radical Republican Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton presided over Radical Reconstruction.
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First Reconstruction Act

• Stanton, the Secretary of War, implemented the
  First Reconstruction Act.
• The act forced 10 former Confederate states to
  begin Reconstruction anew.
• Ratification of 14th amendment required. Many
  Southern whites preferred the status quo, even
  under Union army control, to enfranchising blacks.

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President Andrew Johnson
LINK TO EXCELLENT WEBSITE ON IMPEACHMENT
http//www.impeachandrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesK
eyIndividuals/AndrewJohnson.htm
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PORTRAIT of the MANAGERS of the IMPEACHMENT of
PRESIDENT JOHNSON
http//www.impeachandrewjohnson.com/ListOfIllustra
tions/ManagersOfImpeachment.htm
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Caption for Political Cartoon with a
Shakespearean theme

• Romeo (Seward). "Courage, man the hurt can not
  be much."Mercutio (Johnson). "No, 'tis not so
  deep as a well, nor so wide as a church-door but
  it's enough, 'twill serveask for me to-morrow,
  and you shall find me a grave man. I am pepper'd,
  I warrant, or this world - A plague o' both your
  Houses."

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http//www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoon
s/RomeoAndMercutio.htm
Anti-Republican Political Cartoon
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Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• February 24, 1868- House of Representatives voted
  to impeach (126/47)
• Adopted 11 articles of impeachment-including
  violation of the Tenure of Office Act conspiracy
  against Congress the Constitution

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Benjamin Wade,Republican, led impeachment forces
against Johnson
http//impeach-andrewjohnson.com/11BiographiesKey
Individuals/BenjaminWadeGammaCrop250.jpg
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Impeachment Trial

• Began March 13, 1868
• Tickets sold to watch the trial Prosecution had
  a weak case against Johnson.
• Defense argued that the Tenure of Office Act was
  unconstitutional and did not apply to the
  dismissal of Secretary of War Stanton

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Results of Impeachment Trial

• Conviction required 36 of the 54 Senate members,
  while acquittal only needed 19 votes
• May 16, 1868- Senate voted on articles of
  impeachment 35 guilty 19 not guilty
• Johnson acquitted by one vote because a 2/3
  majority was needed for removal from office.

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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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Johnsons Impeachment

• Weak president, out of touch with the public
  opinion in the North
• He was put on trial in the Senate, Chief Justice
  Salmon P. Chase presided at trial

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Johnson Acquitted

• Johnson tried to remove Stanton from Cabinet
  Tenure Office Act violation?
• One vote short of Removal by Senate
• Proceedings were Political not Judicial

Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase
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Election of 1868

• Republicans nominated Grant for Presidency
• Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour
• Grant won in the electoral college

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Election of 1868

• A majority of white voters preferred Seymour in
  popular vote. 500,000 African-Americans voted
  for Grant
• Grant won the election in electoral college.
• This election demonstrated how important the
  African-American vote could be for Republican
  Party. Momentum builds for 15th amendment to
  guarantee the right to vote for all males.

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Grant-Green Seymour-Blue
http//fisher.lib. virginia.edu/ elections/maps
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Golden Spike, 1869Union Pacific-Central Pacific
Transcontinental Railroad
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Credit Mobilier Scandal

• Congressmen accepted bribes of Stock in railroad
  company to cover-up scandal.
• Promised Not to Investigate Credit Mobilier.
• Purpose to Divert Profits from Building
  Contracts to Union Pacific Promoters. Some
  leaders censured.

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ORVILLE BABCOCK

• Private secretary of President Grant
• Leader of Whiskey Ring scandal
• Avoided taxation through fraudulent reports on
  whiskey production.

• Grant refused to fire him
• Grant helped to assure his acquittal

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Election of 1872

• Liberal Republican Party nominated Horace
  Greeley. He was also nominated by the Democrats
  Condemned corruption in Grants cabinet.
• Republican Grant is reelected anyway.

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Grant-Green Greeley-Blue
http//fisher.lib. virginia.edu/ elections/maps
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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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Southern View of Grant and Radical Reconstruction
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Redemption

• Conservative Former-Confederates work to overturn
  Radical Reconstruction.
• Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organization
  used to intimidate Blacks and drive them out of
  the political process.
• By the 1870s most of the southern states had been
  redeemed.

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President Rutherford B. Hayes1877-1881

• http//www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/ht
  ml/rh19.html

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Rutherford B. Hayes

• Republican candidate in 1876
• Supported platform with mild civil service reform
• Reputable man, creditable war record as Union
  General
• Ran with William A. Wheeler (vice president)

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Samuel J. Tilden

• Democrat candidate
• Acquired popularity after sending Tweed ring
  leader to jail in New York
• Supported conservative economic policies
  railroad associations
• Ran with Thomas A. Hendricks for vice president

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Hayes-Green Tilden-Blue
http//fisher.lib. virginia.edu/ elections/maps/ 1
876.gif
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Election Controversy

• Tilden won 184 electoral votes (1 vote more was
  needed)
• Hayes won 165 (20 votes needed)
• 20 contested/disputed votes from SC, LA, FL, OR
• Republicans charged Democrats with intimidation
  of black voters, claimed Southern 19 votes for
  Hayes.

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CONSPIRACY?

• Electoral commission was created consisting of 7
  Republicans, 7 Democrats, and 1 Independent.
• The Independent Justice David Davis was elected
  to the Senate and was replaced by a Republican.
• Hayes won the election as a result of an 8-7 vote
  on each of the disputed ballots.

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Compromise of 1877

• Great Swap, Stolen Election
• Hayes declared winner after review of disputed
  votes.
• Southern Democrats and Republicans reached
  compromise agreement.
• Federal troops removed from South ending
  Reconstuction.

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Compromise of 1877

• Democrats acquiesce in Hayes selection.
• Federal/Union troops must be withdrawn from
  South.
• Republicans had to forfeit many successes of
  Reconstruction.
• Home rule gained by South.
• Texas Pacific Railroad provided for with 200
  million to appease South.
• Southern to be appointed to Cabinet.

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Compromise of 1877

• Controversy over Election of 1876.
• Louisiana, SC, Florida, Oregon electoral votes
  disputed.
• Electoral Commission votes in favor of Republican
  Rutherford Hayes over Democrat Samuel Tilden.
• Tilden had the most popular votes, but blacks
  intimidated from voting in South.

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Hayes and Tilden
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Provisions of Compromise

• Hayes election validated
• Southern Transcontinental RR supported
• Southern Cabinet member to be appointed
• Federal Troops to be removed from Reconstructed
  Southern States
• Symbolic end to Reconstruction
• Condemns Blacks to Second Class Status

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Reconstruction, 1864-77

• The following power point presentation was
  generated by the students in Mr. Houstons
  history classes at Harwich High School for review
  purposes.
• Sources Library of Congress, University of
  Virginia, Groliers Encyclopaedia, the White
  House website, Garratys American Nation, and the
  websites listed on the slides.

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Many former Slaves became Share-croppers after
the Civil War
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SHARECROPPERS

• Landless farmers exchanged labor for use of
  land.
• The System arose in the South after the Civil War
  to provide cash-poor planters with cheap labor.
• The system was the most prevalent in the Southern
  cotton states.

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SHARECROPPER

• It also existed on tobacco farms of Kentucky,
  Virginia, Tennessee.
• The System made economic advancement for the
  former slaves and poor whites very difficult
• Sharecropping declined after the New Deal reforms
  of the 1930s. It still exists to some extent in
  the South.

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CROP LIEN SYSTEM

• The Crop Lien System was developed to protect the
  business investments lenders insisted that the
  grower concentrate on readily marketable cash
  crops tobacco, sugar, and cotton.
• the system injured everyone because it
  perpetuated debt.

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Crop Lien System

• Under the Crop Lien System, land owners and
  sharecroppers depended on credit supplied by
  local bankers, merchants, and storekeepers for
  everything from seed, tools, fertilizers, to
  overalls, coffee and salt.
• Payments were made after harvest each year.