Chapter 18: The Heart

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Chapter 18 The Heart

• Exam Two material

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The Heart

• Structure hollow, cone shaped Muscular pump.
• Found in the _

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The Heart

• Size varies with person.
• Length runs from _
• About the size of a _
• Weighs less than a pound
• Heart borders
• Lateral
• Posterior
• Anterior

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The Heart

• Base attached to large blood vessels, _
• Distal end Apex fifth intercostal space.
  area of apical heartbeat.
• 5 ICS, mid clavicular line
• Referred to as _

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Pericardium

• encloses the heart and the _
• Consists of an outer _
• fibrous pericardium surrounds visceral
  pericardium (epicardium) which covers the heart.

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Pericardium

• At the base of the heart, the lining turns back
  and becomes the _
• This in turn forms the inner lining of the
  fibrous pericardium.

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Pericardium

• Three layers of pericardium
• 1.
• protects and anchors
• Two inner layers (serous)
• 2. ______________________________ adheres to
  heart. Epicardium
• 3. ______________________________ adherent to
  fibrous pericardium

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Pericardial Cavity

• pericardial cavity Space between parietal and
  visceral layers
• contains small amount of _________________________
  _____ that is secreted by the pericardial
  membrane.

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Pericardial Cavity

• Functions to ________________________________
  between the membranes as the heart moves.
• Allows the heart to work in a _

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Pericarditis

• inflammation of the pericardium
• due to viral or bacterial infection
• Results in ____________________________ that
  attach the layers of the pericardium.

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Pericarditis

• Hinders production of _
• Painful and interferes with heart movements.
• Beating heart __________________________________
  causes a rustling sound that can be heard with a
  stethoscope

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Walls of the Heart

• Three Layers

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Epicardium

• corresponds to _
• Protective outer layer. Secretes _

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Myocardium

• Middle layer
• thick.
• Consists largely of the _
• Fibers are arranged in planes, _

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Endocardium

• inner layer
• Contains ________________________ and specialized
  muscle fibers _
• Protective _
• Continuous with the ______________________________
  ____ leaving and entering the heart.

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Chambers of the Heart

• Atria
• Have ____________________ walls. Receive blood
  returning to heart.
• Auricles _
• Increases the atrial volume.

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Chambers of the Heart

• Atria
• Comb-like appearance
• Present in the _
• Anterior and posterior atria are separated by _

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Chambers of the Heart

• ________________________________ Lower chambers.
  
• Force the blood out of heart into arteries

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Septums

• Interatrial septum _
• ____________________________________ shallow
  depression that was once an opening in the fetal
  heart
• Interventricular septum _

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Right side of Heart

• Right side
• Right atrium
• Receives blood from

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Right side of heart

• guards the AV (atrialventricular)orifice.
• Composed of _
• Permits blood to move _
• Close passively _

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Right side of heart

• Chordae tendinae
• Originate from ________________________________.
  Papillary muscles contract and pull on the
  chordae tendinae and _

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Right side of the heart

• Right ventricle is _
• Right pumps to _
• Left pumps to __________________________________
  and has a greater resistance to overcome.

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Tricuspid Valve

• Right vent contracts and the pressure rises.
• Tricuspid valve _
• Exit is through the ______________________________
  ___ turns into _
• Must pass through pulmonary valve or semilunar
  valve.

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Pulmonary Valve

• ________________________________. When there is
  ventricular relaxation blood begins to back up
  into pulmonary trunk and it closes the
  ________________________________, preventing a
  return flow.

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Left side of heart

• _____________________ side of heart is the _
• Left atrium
• receives blood from _

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Left side of the heart

• Blood goes from atrium through
• into the _
• _________________________________ prevent valve
  from flapping up into atrium

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Left side of heart

• Ventricle contracts,
• blood is forced through _
• Which has __________________________________.
  When ventricle relaxes, valve closes.

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Mitral valve prolapse

• cusps of the mitral valve ________________________
  _______ into the left atrium during the _
• Blood _______________________________ into the _

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Mitral valve prolapse

• Symptoms
• chest pain, palpitations,
• fatigue, and anxiety.
• Can be damaged by Streptococcus. May lead to
  ___________________________ an inflammation of
  the endocardium due to infection.

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Heart Skeleton

• Rings of _
• provide __________________________________ and
  muscle fibers and
• prevents __________________________ during
  contraction.
• Helps heart keep its shape. Otherwise, the heart
  would balloon outward with the increased
  pressure.

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Pathway of Blood

• Enters ____________________________ from _
• Blood is deoxygenated. _

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Pathway

• Pressure in R. Atrium forces open
• Blood passes into _

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Pathway

• From the Right Ventricle, contractions force
  blood
• through __________________________ (pressure
  closes the Tricuspid Valve)
• Blood travels to _

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Pathway

• Blood returns from lungs freshly oxygenated.
• Enters _
• Passes through _
• Into _

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Pathway

• L. Ventricle contracts.
• Blood passes through _
• Into _

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Hearts blood supply

• Aortabranches off.
• First two branches are called _
• They supply blood to the _

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Hearts Blood supply

• From the Left coronary artery.
• _____________________________ follows AV sulcus
  on left.
• Supplies blood to walls of the left atrium and
  the left ventricle.
• _______________________________ or LAD Left
  Anterior Descending
• travels in the anterior Interventricular sulcus
  and branches supply walls of both ventricles.

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Hearts Blood Supply

• From the _
• Two major branches
• supplies the walls of both ventricles.
• Supplies right atrium and right ventricles.

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Hearts blood supply

• Cardiac _________________ drain the capillaries
  of the myocardium.
• Veins join the _________________________________
  at the AV sulcus.
• Coronary sinus _