The Civil Rights Movement

1
The Civil Rights Movement

• 1950-1968

2
Review

• Presidents
• Truman Democrat 1945- 1953
• Ike Republican 1953-1961
• JFK Democrat 1961-1963
• LBJ Democrat 1963 1969
• Nixon Republican 1969 1974
• Ford Republican 1974 - 1977

3
Causes of the Civil Rights Movement 211

• Black urbanization (Moving to the cities)
• Religious faith (Belief justice and fairness)
• Demand for constitutional rights
• The document says
• ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL
• Greater media coverage of protests (boob tube)
• Success of African independence movements
• Clips to watch Real Player needed
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story
  /03_schools.html

4
Jim Crow Laws

• Jim Crow laws were late 19th century statutes (
  after the civil war) passed by legislatures that
  created a racial caste system in the American
  south and beyond.
• Many states and cities could impose legal
  punishment on people for consorting with members
  of another race.
• The most common types of laws forbade
  intermarriage and ordered business owners and
  public institutions to keep their black and white
  clientele separated.

5
Jim Crow Laws

• http//americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segr
  egated/jim-crow.html
• http//www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/creating2.ht
  m
• http//www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/what.htm

6
Setting the Scene for the Movement

• African American migration 1910-1940 increased
  the population in northern cities.
• Some were educated and held professional jobs.
• Some even developed alliances that created
  political influence.
• 1930s- African Americans supported and worked
  for New Deal policies
• African American fought in wars but were not seen
  as equals.

7
Fighting for Civil Rights

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8
Plessey vs Ferguson

• Separate but (un) Equal
• Is separate equal ever??

9
Brown vs The Board of Education Topeka Kansas

• In 1951, Oliver Brown wanted his 8-year-old
  daughter, Linda, to attend a Topeka, Kansas
  school, which only white children were permitted
  to attend.
• Brown sued the Topeka Board of Education, and
  his case reached the Supreme Court. Thurgood
  Marshall of the NAACP argued Browns case.

10

• On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court issued its
  ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education of
  Topeka, Kansas case. In this ruling the court
  overturned the precedent of separate but equal
  established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The
  court supported Browns case for desegregation,
  stating that, Separate educational facilities
  are inherently unequal.
• A year later, the Court ruled that local school
  boards should move to desegregate with all
  deliberate speed.

11
Reaction to Brown Decision

• Southern Manifesto- southern states felt it is a
  violation of states rights.
• It will create chaos and violence therefore we
  will not comply !
• In other wordsmake me abide by the new law.

12
Little Rock

• Meanwhilein Arkansas at Central High school
  desegregation began.
• Orville Faubus the governor did not want
  integration and openly said it will not happen
  here!
• Ike was NOT an ally to civil rights but when
  Faubus decided he would challenge the
  Constitution and the decision of the Supreme
  Court, Ike felt it was his duty to send in the
  National Guard to protect the children and uphold
  the law. Period!

13
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

• What did Rosa do?
• Was she confrontational?
• Jo Ann Robinson and the WPC organize.
• What do they decide?
• Who do they bring in to lead the protest
  movement?
• MLK Jr

14
Organizations 212

• NAACP
• WE.B. Dubois founding member
• It is an interracial organization
• Goal fight discrimination in the legal arena. In
  other words, fight the laws that prevented blacks
  from being treated as equals.

15
CORE

• In 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
  was founded to help bring about change
  peacefully.
• Like the NAACP, CORE was an interracial
  organization which argued against discrimination
  and segregation.
• James Farmer and CORE came to have a major role
  in civil rights confrontations of the 1950s and
  1960s

16
National Urban League1911

• Goal take on economic issues by helping black
  move from the south to the north
• While helping them to find jobs.

17
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• In 1957, King and other African American
  clergymen founded the Southern Christian
  Leadership Conference (SCLC).
• GOAL
• Protest racial policies in a nonviolent way.
• The formation of SCLC shifted the focus of the
  civil rights movement to the South and brought
  African American church leaders such as King to
  its forefront.

18
Civil Disobedience

• Civil Disobedience is the act of disobeying a law
  on grounds of moral or political principle.
• Why? It is an attempt to influence society to
  accept a dissenting (different) point of view.
• It usually uses tactics of nonviolence i.e
  illegal street demonstrations or peaceful
  occupations of premises.

19

• Henry David Thoreau's "On the Duty of Civil
  Disobedience," states that when a person's
  conscience and the laws clash, that person must
  follow his or her conscience. The stress on
  personal conscience and on the need to act now
  rather than to wait for legal change are
  recurring elements in civil disobedience
  movements.

20
MLKsNonviolent Protest

• Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by the
  beliefs and work of Mohandas Gandhi and Henry
  David Thoreau, both of whom advocated
  nonviolence.
• Gandhi had helped India gain its independence in
  1947. He is often considered the father of
  nonviolent protest.
• Thoreau had advocated civil disobedience in the
  mid-1800s.
• Nonviolent protesters were encouraged not to
  fight back even when attacked

21
SNCC

• The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  (SNCC), began in 1960 at a meeting in Raleigh,
  North Carolina. Ella Baker and SNCC felt the
  NAACP and SCLC were not able to keep up with the
  demands of young people for the fight of civil
  rights.
• Goal CHANGE
• SNCC soon became an independent civil rights
  organization under Robert Moses. Its members
  sought immediate change, as opposed to the
  gradual change advocated by most older
  organizations.

22
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

• Members of SNCC along with newly registered
  Mississippi voters organized the Mississippi
  Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP).
• The MFDP sent delegates to the 1964 Democratic
  National Convention, insisting that they were the
  rightful representatives from Mississippi.
• President Johnson offered the MFDP two of
  Mississippis 68 seats. The MFDP rejected the
  offer, believing that it fell short of their
  goals.

23
Organizations 215

• Malcolm X
• The Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism
• Malcom
• Militant leaders emerged when change did not come
  soon enough.

24
215 contd

• Nation of Islam
• Also called the Black Muslims
• Preached black separatism and dont accept a hand
  out from anyone.
• Black Panthers
• Wanted African Americans to lead their own
  communities.
• They also demanded that the federal government
  rebuild the nations ghettos.
• Because the Black Panthers monitored police
  activity in the ghettos, they often found
  themselves in violent encounters with police.
• Often linked with the Black Power movement

25
Wednesdays in Mississippi

• Would like some tupperware?
• In the spring of 1964 Dorothy I. Height,
  President of the National Council of Negro Women
  (NCNW), working with NCNW volunteer Polly Cowan,
  came up with the idea of sending weekly teams of
  northern women to Mississippi.
• The teams were interracial and interfaith. They
  would leave for Mississippi on a Tuesday and
  return on a Thursday. There all day on Wednesday,
  the program was known as "Wednesdays in
  Mississippi." Competent, well connected, and
  educated, these women worked with Freedom Summer
  and the Freedom Schools.

26
Civil Rights Martyrs

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• http//www.history.com/content/blackhistory/africa
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Major Events 213

• Sit-Ins
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Freedom Rides
• Integration of Ole Miss
• Birmingham March
• March on Washington
• Freedom Summer
• The Selma March
• Watts Riot
• Assassination of Malcolm X.
• Assassination of MLK, Jr.

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Legal Action 214

• Truman Executive Orders 1948
• Civil Rights Act 1957
• Civil Rights Act 1960
• Kennedy Executive Order 1960
• Civil Rights Acts of 1964
• 24 th amendment
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Civil Rights Acts of 1968
• Open Housing Law 1968

29
Legal Action 214

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Title I Banned the use of different voter
  registration standards for blacks and whites
• Title II Prohibited discrimination in public
  accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, and
  theaters
• Title VI Allowed the withholding of federal
  funds from programs that practice discrimination
• Title VII Banned discrimination on the basis of
  race, sex, religion, or national origin by
  employers and unions and created the Equal
  Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

30
Legal Action continued

• The Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Allowed federal officials to register voters in
  places where local officials were preventing
  African Americans from registering.
• It also effectively eliminated literacy tests and
  other barriers to voting.

• Twenty-fourth Amendment
• The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution,
  ratified in 1964, outlawed the poll tax, which
  was still in effect in several southern states.

31
Legal Action continued

• Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Also known of the Housing Rights Act of 1968
• Prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental
  of housing.
• King's assassination had generated irresistible
  pressure to pass the Senate bill quickly.
• The Housing Rights Act is seen as the final
  legislative achievement of the civil rights
  movement

32
Effects of the Civil Rights Movement

• Elimination of legal segregation (de jure
  segregation v. de facto segregation)
• Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Creation of affirmative action programs
• Set examples and a model for other minority
  groups to achieve equality

33
Important People ActivityComplete a graphic
organizer illustrating the various roles people
played in the civil rights movement.

• Emmett Till
• Mose Wright
• Rosa Parks
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Linda Brown
• Elizabeth Eckford
• Medgar Evers
• James Chaney
• Stokely Carmichael
• Malcolm X
• Elijah Muhammad
• Roy and Carolyn Bryant
• J.W. Milam
• Orval Faubus
• George Wallace
• Eugene Bull Connor
• Ross Barnett
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• John F. Kennedy