Civil Rights Movement

1
Civil Rights Movement
2
A. Gains During Trumans Administration
3
Morgan v. Virginia (1946)

• Supreme Court decision
• Made state laws requiring segregation on busses
  illegal for interstate travel

4
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

• Founded in 1942
• Sponsored Freedom Rides on busses through the
  South in 1947
• Testing the enforcement of Morgan
• Realized courts willing to help, but there is no
  enforcement

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
Desegregating the Armed Forces

• Executive Order 9981 signed July 1948

8
The Dixiecrats

• States Right Democratic Party
• Formed in 1948 as an offshoot of the Democratic
  Party
• Opposed to Trumans Civil Rights policies
• Wanted to uphold segregation and Jim Crow
• Started split of the South from the Democratic
  Party

9
B. Brown v. Board of Education
10
The Case

• 1951, NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall begins to
  fight segregation in schools
• Linda Brown wanted to attend an all white school
• Marshall argued that their 14th amendment rights
  were violated
• Equal protection equal educational
  opportunities

11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
The Decision (1954)

• Unanimous decision led by Earl Warren
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
• "Separate educational facilities are inherently
  unequal. It has no place in public education.
• Brown II (1955) schools must be integrated
  with all deliberate speed

15
The Response

• 80 of Southerners were against Brown decision
• Southern Manifesto 101 Congressmen signed that
  the decision was a contradiction to the
  Constitution

16
Crisis in Little Rock, AK

• 9 African-American student enroll at Central High
  in 1957
• Gov. Faubus orders the National Guard to keep
  them out

17
Elizabeth Eckford tries to integrate Central High
18

• Finally Eisenhower sends 1,000 troops to Little
  Rock to protect the students and integrate
  Central High
• The next year all Little Rock schools closed

19
(No Transcript)
20
C. The Emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr.
21
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)

• Dec. 1, 1955 Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing
  to give up her seat

22

• 80 of Montgomerys bus riders were
  African-American
• Called for an immediate boycott of the bus system

23

• Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as the leader of
  the movement

• Outlined a Civil Disobedience campaign
• Boycott lasted 381 days
• It took a Supreme Court decision to integrate
  the busses of Montgomery

24
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

• Founded in 1957 by MLK
• Civil Rights organization led by ministers
• Proposed a non-violent campaign to fight for
  Civil Rights
• Realized that government was not going to help

25
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Offshoot of SCLC that led civil disobedience
  campaigns for students
• Founded in 1960

26
Sit-Ins

• Effective new strategy for integration
• SNCC targeted lunch counters across the South

27

• Feb. 1, 1960 1st sit-in began in Greensboro, NC
  at Woolworths
• Led to 70,000 students for 18 months
  participating in sit-ins and boycotts

28
(No Transcript)
29
D. Kennedy and Civil Rights
30
Freedom Rides

• May 1961 CORE retests bus interstate travel
• Goal was to be arrested to make federal
  government enforce the law

31
(No Transcript)
32

• Met with severe resistance once they entered
  Alabama
• Many were beaten while the police watched
• Then they were arrested

33

• Kennedy forced to act
• Sends federal marshals to protect the riders, but
  does not stop them from being arrested or force
  integration
• Trying not to anger the Southern Democrats
• Robert Kennedy (the AG) petitions the ICC to
  issue an order for integration in November 1961

34
Showdown in Birmingham, AL (1963)

• Most racially divided city in the South
• 1963 Birmingham closed parks, playgrounds, pools,
  and golf courses to avoid desegregation
• MLK decided to begin a campaign there to bring
  segregation to the national attention

35

• April 1963, MLK SCLC begin to march, sit-ins,
  and boycott stores in the city
• 50 were arrested on Good Friday
• MLK wrote his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail

"We know through painful experience that freedom
is never voluntarily given by the oppressor it
must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I
have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign
that was well-timed in the view of those who
have not suffered unduly from the disease of
segregation. For years now I have heard the word
"Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with
piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost
always meant "Never." We must come to see, with
one of our distinguished jurists, that justice
too long delayed is justice denied." -- Martin
Luther King, Letter from a Birmingham Jail
36

• SCLC began using children in a Childrens
  Crusade
• Public Safety Commissioner Bull Connor attacked
  the children

37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39

• Images shown on national television
• Public is outraged
• Non-violence ends riots begin in Birmingham

• Justice Dept intervenes and negotiations begin

40

• Several bombings
• 3,000 federal troops sent to end violence
• Two sides agree to end campaign and begin
  integration of business/stores

41
JFK Announces a Civil Rights Bill

• June 11 JFK announces that he will send a Civil
  Rights Bill to Congress

42
March on Washington (1963)

• August 28 250,000 protestors
• Meet to show support for JFKs Civil Rights bill
• MLK gives his I Have a Dream speech

43
(No Transcript)
44
E. Triumphs for Civil Rights
45
24th Amendment

• Ratified Jan 1964
• Abolished poll tax in national elections

46
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Provisions
• Forbid segregation in any public facilities,
  government, education, and invalidated Jim Crow
  laws
• Created the Equal Employment Opportunity
  Commission to enforce the law
• Government could deny money to states who were
  not following the law
• Result Most businesses desegregated

47
Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

• June of 1964, SNCC wants to register black voters
• Less than 5 of the African-American community
  was registered
• Over 900 volunteers (mainly white college
  students) went to the South to try to register
  voters

48

• Violence
• 6 brutally murdered
• 80 beatings
• 35 shootings
• 30 bombings
• Over 1,000 arrests
• Registered over 60,000 African-Americans

49
March from Selma to Montgomery

• Poor black voter turnout in 1964 election
• SCLC tried to register voters

50

• March 7, 1965 protest march from Selma to
  Montgomery
• Were violently attacked by the police

51

• March 9, 1965 2nd march attempted led by MLK
• Ordered by the courts to not march

52

• LBJ announces a plan to pass legislation
  protecting African-American voters
• March 21 3rd march will make it to Montgomery

53
Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Authorized federal supervision of voter
  registration
• Outlawed all literacy other discriminatory
  tests for voter registration

54
Affirmative Action (1965)

• Executive Order 11375
• Policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender
  into consideration in an attempt to promote equal
  opportunity or increase ethnic diversity
• Results more minorities enroll in college

55
End of Affirmative Action

• Began a reverse discrimination
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
  (1978)
• Ruled against affirmative action programs that
  set a rigid quota for minority admissions
• California Prop 209 (1996) ended affirmative
  action in CA

56
Thurgood Marshall

• June 1967 LBJ appoints Marshall to the Supreme
  Court

57
F. Rise of Black Power
58
Nation of Islam

• Religious organization that was in favor of black
  separatism
• Malcolm X became a leader in the early 1960s

59

• Encouraged armed resistance by any means
  necessary to break white domination

"The white people should thank Dr. King for
holding black people in check."
60
Stokely Carmichael

• Was the leader of SNCC in the late 1960s
• Became disillusioned with the slow progress being
  made
• Believed in Black Power
• Self-reliance
• Self-sufficiency
• Transformed SNCC into
• an all black organization

61
Black Panthers (1966)

• Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
• Huey Newton Bobby Seale
• Believed in armed defense against police and
  white brutality

62

• Became a paramilitary group
• Monitored the local police to protect from
  brutality
• Continuously raided by police FBI
• Jail time was their downfall

63
Assassination of MLK

• April 4, 1968 MLK is shot and killed by James
  Earl Ray

64
The Long Hot Summers

• Summers 1964-68, Racial riots in many major
  cities
• Watts Riot (L.A.) August 1965 6 days

65
End of the Movement

• Vietnam and increasing turmoil at home in 1968
  brought about an end to the momentum