Beginnings of an American Identity

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Chapter 5

• Beginnings of an American Identity

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Section 1

• Early American Culture

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Land, Rights, and Wealth

• The Colonies were thriving in the Early part of
  1700
• Land in the colonies was very easy to get
• Land Ownership gave colonist political rights as
  well
• Land Ownership also determined status in social
  order
• Things in the colonies were run by your ranking
  you held

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Women and the Economy

• Women were important to the economy
• Cooked, churned butter, made soap and candles,
  sewed and knitted and often worked in the fields
• With money being scarce, farmers wives would
  barter and trade
• Women in cities also ran inns and other
  businesses
• Even though women were important to the society,
  they did not have many rights

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Young People at Work

• Children also supported the economy
• Families were big- more children meant more
  workers
• Children as young as 3-4 were expected to be
  useful
• Ex. Look after farm animals, pick berries
• Around 6, boys became breeched- no longer wore
  skirts or smocks but rather wore pants

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Breeched
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Young People at Work

• After their breech, they began to help their
  fathers with work
• Sons of farmers-Worked clearing land and learning
  to farm
• Sons of Craftsman- tended fathers shops and
  learned the trade
• Around 11 became Apprentices- learned a trade
  from an experienced craftsman
• Girls- learned household chores from their
  mothers

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Colonial Schooling

• Education was valued in the colonies as well
• Taught to read so they could understand the bible
• Rich Children learned writing and arithmetic
• Most children ended their education at 7
• Colonial America had a high literacy rate
• New England- 85 of white men
• Middle Colonies- 65 of white men
• Southern Colonies- 50 of white men

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Newspapers and Books

• Boston News Letter- only local newspaper in
  1700s
• Next 70 years, 80 newspapers appear
• 1732- Ben Franklin established Poor Richards
  Almanac
• Published poetry, autobiographies and histories

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The Great Awakening

• Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s
• Jonathan Edwards was a preacher, terrified
  listeners with images of Gods anger
• Great Awakening changed colonial culture
• Churches gained 20,000 to 50,000 new members
• George Whitefield drew thousands with sermons and
  raised funds to start orphanges

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The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment emphasized reason and science
  as the paths to knowledge
• Ben Franklin was a famous figure of the
  Enlightenment
• Intellectual movement appealed to wealthy
  educated men
• John Locke- English Philosopher who argued that
  people have natural rights
• Life, Liberty and property were rights people had

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Section 2

• Roots of Representative Government

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The Rights of Englishmen

• The first step toward guaranteeing rights came in
  1215 called the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• This document guaranteed important rights to
  noble and freemen
• The Magna Carta limited the powers of the King

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Parliament and Colonial Government

• Parliament was Englands chief lawmaking body
• Made up of two bodies, house of commons and house
  of lords
• The House of Burgesses was the first of elected
  assemblies in the colonies
• Although the colonist governed themselves at
  times, England still had authority over them
• The king appointed royal governors to rule some
  colonies
• Colonist disliked some laws and clashed with
  royal governors over power England should have

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A Royal Governors Rule

• James II reign threatened the colonies tradition
  of self government
• He wanted to rule England and its Colonies
• King James combined Massachusetts and Northern
  colonies into Dominion of New England under a
  Royal Governor
• Assemblies were outlawed and that caused colonist
  to refuse to pay taxes
• They were being taxed without representation

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Englands Glorious Revolution

• Parliament in England overthrew King James for
  not respecting its rights
• James protestant daughter was given the throne
  with her husband William of Orange
• This change in Leadership was the Glorious
  Revolution
• English Bill of Rights which was an agreement to
  respect the rights of English citizens and
  parliament
• Under it the King and Queen could not cancel laws
  or impose taxes unless Parliament agreed

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Shared Power in the Colonies

• After the Glorious Revolution, the Mass.
  Colonists regained some Self-Government
• During the first half of the 1700s England
  interfered with little colonial affairs
• The hands off policy was called Salutary Neglect
• Parliament passed laws on trade, the use of money
  and apprenticeships in the colonies but they were
  rarely enforced by the Governor

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Colonial Government

• On Top- British Crown
• Royal Governor, Council and Colonial Assembly
  shared power
• The Governor could veto laws but the Assembly
  controlled the Governors pay.
• If he did something that was not liked, they
  could not pay him
• The Council was the highest court in each
  colony, Advisory board to the Gov.

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The Zenger Trial

• John Peter Zenger was under trial for printing
  criticism of New Yorks Gov.
• The Gov. had removed a judge and tried to fix an
  election
• At that time it was illegal to criticize the
  government in print
• The Jury agreed that Zenger had the right to
  speak the truth and he was released

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Section 3

• The French and Indian War

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France Claims Western Lands

• Frenchs main settlements in Montreal and Quebec
  but owned the Louisiana territory which went from
  The Appalachian mts. to the Rocky mts.
• Also had holdings in the great lakes region,
  Mississippi River Valley and the Ohio River
  Valley
• 1760, population of 80,000 people while British
  Colonies had more than one million

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Native American Alliances

• The Fur trading created economic and military
  alliances between Europeans and Native Americans
• Alliances led to Native involvement in European
  wars
• When war sparked in 1689 between France and
  England, fighting also happened in the colonies
• This also brought Natives Americans into the war
  as well
• The French and Indian War was started in 1754

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Conflict in the Ohio River Valley

• Conflict that led to the French and Indian war
  began when British Fur Traders began moving into
  the Ohio River Valley
• Charles De Langlade destroyed Pickawillany and
  British Trading Post
• 1753, Lieutenant Gov. of Virginia sent a small
  Group of Soldiers to tell the French to leave
• Leader was 21 year old George Washington
• Lieutenant Gov. sends 40 men to build a fort.
  Captured by the French and complete it. Called
  Fort Dequense

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War Begins and Spreads

• Washington was on his way to defend Fort Dequesne
• Builds Fort Necessity after hearing of its
  surrender
• French and their allies attack Fort Necessity and
  take it over on July 3, 1754
• Washington allowed to walk back to Virginia
• French and Indian War had begun and became part
  of the seven years war

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War Begins and Spreads

• British Reps were meeting with Reps from Iroquois
  about fighting against the French with the
  British
• Ben Franklin proposed the colonies join together
  for defense
• Albany Plan of Union was the formal proposal
• Leaders in Albany supported the plan but Colonial
  legislatures defeated it b/c they did not want to
  give up control of their affairs

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Braddocks Defeat

• General Edward Braddock was sent to Virginia
• Marched toward Dequesne with Washington at his
  side- 2100 Red coats with them
• July 9, attacked by French and Indian Troops
• Braddock died from his wounds and 1,000 men were
  killed or wounded
• Washington survives despite having 4 bullet holes
  in his coat

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The British take Quebec

• 1757, new secretary of state committed to winning
  the war
• August of 1759, British Controlled six French
  Forts
• British begin attack on Capital of Quebec
• Quebec sat on a cliff
• British Gen. James Wolfe sailed around the fort
  for two months, unable to capture it

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Battle of Quebec

• The City was guarded heavily by soldiers and
  cannons with thick walls
• British find a weak spot and sneak up at night to
  overlook Quebec
• Morning, British are surrounding Quebec
• Short battle follows
• Wolfe Dies and So does Montcalm, French
  Commander.
• Battle of Quebec was the turing point of the War

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Treaty of Paris

• After the Seven Years War ended in 1763, Britain
  had won.
• Treaty of Paris gave Britain all of North America
  East of the Mississippi
• Spain got New Orleans and Louisiana
• Britain gave Cuba and the Philippines back to
  Spain in exchange for Florida
• The Treaty ended French power in North America

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Pontiacs Rebellion

• When the British took over the French Forts, they
  refused to give supplies to the Natives
• Natives attacked British forts
• Surrounded three remaining forts
• The revolt was called Pontiacs Rebellion
• British settlers attacked Natives who were not
  attacking them

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Pontiacs Rebellion

• British Officers came up with the idea of the
  Delaware Siege
• Officers invited Delaware War Leaders to talk
  then gave them smallpox-infected blankets-
  Started a deadly outbreak
• Native Americans had retreated
• British still issued the Proclamation of 1763
  which forbade colonist to settle west of the
  Appalachian mountains

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