George H' Atkinson, Ph'D'

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U.S. Science and Technology Innovation in a
Global Community
George H. Atkinson, Ph.D. Science and Technology
Adviser to the Secretary of State
Accelerating Innovation 2005
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Overview of Remarks
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
1. Role of ST in global affairs 2.
Importance of ST in the United States 3.
Critical role of human resources in ST 4.
ST as a bridge between cultures
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1. Role of ST in Global Affairs
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• ST advances have immediate and enormous
  influence on global and national economies, and
  on international relations.
• Nations are largely shaped by their expertise
  in and access to ST.
• Many of the major ST advances of our time not
  only offer remarkable new opportunities, but also
  can challenge our social institutions and ethical
  principles.
• In an increasingly global world, accurate
  scientific information must inform foreign policy
  and foreign policy must promote justified
  scientific goals.

Integrating Foreign Policy and Science
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1. Role of ST in Global Affairs
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• Global Leadership in ST is transitory
• Throughout most of the 19th century and at the
  outset of the 20th century, the dominant power in
  ST was Europe.
• Since the middle of the 20th century, the
  dominant global ST power has been the United
  States.
• The international nature of scientific research
  and technological development is increasingly
  important given the complexity and global impact
  of new scientific achievements.
• Conclusion Successful innovation depends on
  increased global ST cooperation.

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
2. Importance of ST in the United States
I think science, as a diplomatic tool, is
greatopenness in recognizing that there are no
boundaries and therefore keeping ourselves open
to other people, making sure that we are at the
center of scientific discourse . Secretary
Rice January 2005 Today, dynamic advancements
in science and technology are transforming the
world making it possible for more and more
people to compete equally across all fields of
human endeavor. America must remain at the
forefront of this new world. Secretary Rice
May 2004
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
2. Importance of ST in the United States
The position of Science and Technology Adviser
to the Secretary of State (STAS) was created in
2000 to strengthen the role of science and
technology (ST) within the foreign policy
community both in the Department of State (DoS)
in its embassies and missions. The STAS is the
principal interlocutor for ST in the DoS. The
appointment of a STAS in the DoS was recommended
by the National Academies and the National
Research Council.
Integrating Foreign Policy and Science
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Vannevar Bush Science The Endless Frontier
(1945)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• The U.S. federal government should support
  basic science research in the universities, while
  industry pursued applied research.
• Establishment of NIH and NSF, and set the
  paradigm for the ascendance of American science.
• The innovation path is a linear, unidirectional
  process
• Basic Research ? Applied Research ?
  Development ? Commercial Production

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Vannevar Bush Science The Endless Frontier
(1945)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• Three key tenets of the Vannevar Bush
  paradigm
• Basic science is performed without direct
  knowledge of the precise practical value.
• Basic research is the key driver of technological
  change.
• A nation which depends upon others for its new
  basic scientific knowledge will be slow in its
  industrial progress and weak in its competitive
  position in world trade, regardless of its
  mechanical skill.

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2. Importance of ST in the United States
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Economic Significance of ST Growth accounting
studies have estimated that technology accounts
for one-half or more of output (GDP) growth in
all industrialized nations (except Canada).
Boskin, M. and L. Lau. 2000. Generalized
Slow-Neutral Technical Progress and postwar
Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper No. W8023
(December) Economists estimate that the increase
in U.S. productivity growth that began in the
mid-1990s is entirely due to technology
investments. Jorgenson, D. 2001. U.S. Economic
Growth in the Information Age. Issues in Science
and Technology (Fall) 42-50.
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2. Importance of ST in the United States
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Search for a new paradigm House Speaker Newt
Gingrich (1997) With the collapse of the
Soviet Union, the Vannevar Bush approach is no
longer valid. . the competition we are engaged
in now is less military and largely economic.
Science today is an international enterprise, and
we must assume a leadership role in guiding
international science policy. (I ask Congressman
Ehlers to lead) the House in developing a new,
sensible, coherent long-range science and
technology policy."
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• Importance of ST in the United States

Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• Search for a new paradigm
• Congressman George Browns critique
• A new science policy should reflect our
  understanding of the process of creativity and
  innovation.
• Science for what end? clearly identify the
  public purposes which we desire to achieve
• A new science policy should point towards
  decision-making tools for better investment
  choices.
• House Committee on Science report (1998)
  Unlocking Our Future Toward a New National
  Science Policy

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2. Importance of ST in the United States
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
U.S. Commission on National Security 21st Century
Americans are living off the economic and
security benefits of the last three generations
investment in science and education, but we are
now consuming capital. Our systems of basic
scientific research and education are in serious
crisis, while other countries are redoubling
their efforts. In the next quarter century, we
will likely see ourselves surpassed, and in
relative decline, unless we make a conscious
national commitment to maintain our edge.
(Executive Summary, p. ix) Road map for
national security imperative for change, Phase
III
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2. Importance of ST in the United States
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
PRESIDENTS COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (PCAST) We began this study by
asking ourselves if the U.S. was facing a
shortage or a surplus in STEM workforce relative
to job growth projections, but we quickly
discovered that this narrow focus misses the
point it is the entire U.S. innovation
ecosystem that is at risk. The loss of global
market share in STEM talent could have dramatic
future impacts. Sustaining the Nations
Innovation Ecosystem Maintaining the Strength of
Our Science Engineering Capabilities, June 2004
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NATIONAL INNOVATION INITIATIVE REPORT
Innovation will be the single most important
factor in determining Americas success through
the 21st century. The National Innovation
InitiativeTM (NII) defines innovation as the
intersection of invention and insight, leading to
the creation of social and economic value.

• The new shape of innovationthe bar is rising
• Convergence of disciplines
• Globalization breaks down geographic barriers
• Accelerating rate of technological change
• More collaborative (ST linked to users)
• Demand pull from users as a driver

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
3. Critical role of human resources
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
A
2003
Contributions by Country

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
3. Critical role of human resources
Countries Contributing to JPC A

• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hong Kong
• Hungary
• India
• Ireland
• Israel
• Italy
• Japan
• Korea

• Lebanon
• Lithuania
• Mexico
• Morocco
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Poland
• PR China
• Puerto Rico
• Russia

• Slovak
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Taiwan
• Turkey
• Ukraine
• Uruguay
• United Kingdom
• United States (41)
• Venezuela

• Argentina
• Australia
• Austria
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Canada
• Chile
• Colombia
• Croatia
• Czech Republic

Of the 12,543 pages published in 2003, 59 were
contributed by authors working in countries
outside the United States
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3. Critical role of human resources
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
SCIENCE BENEFITS FROM INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
AND EXCHANGE
Consider 2003 publication data from other
scientific journals

Science (827 research papers) 37 from outside
the U.S. (63 U.S.)
Journal of Biological Chemistry (gt53,000
pages) 55 foreign contributors (45 U.S.)
Journals of the American Physical Society (14,687
papers) 71 foreign contributors (29 U.S.)
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The Asian Century Begins?
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National Intelligence Council's 2020 Project
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
The likely emergence of China and India, as
well as others, as new major global
playerssimilar to the advent of a united Germany
in the 19th century and a powerful United States
in the early 20th centurywill transform the
geopolitical landscape, with impacts potentially
as dramatic as those in the previous two
centuries. China and India are well positioned
to become technology leaders, and even the
poorest countries will be able to leverage
prolific, cheap technologies to fuelalthough at
a slower ratetheir own development.
Mapping the Global Future, December 2004

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ST as a Bridge between Cultures
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
The fundamental concepts underlying the
scientific method in research foster and sustain
democratic societal principles

• Meritocracy of ideas Peer review and critiques
  by a open scientific engineering community
• Transparency Open publication of results within
  a free press system
• Quality public education Access to competitive
  educational opportunities for all citizens
• Governmental/legal guarantees consistent public
  and private investments in long/short term RD
  activities

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
ST Soft Power in 21st Century Diplomacy
Data from Pew Global Attitudes Project What the
World Thinks in 2002 from Nye, J. 2004
Seven countries with majority Muslim populations
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The 21st Century Challenge of Building a
Knowledge Society
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
The most important lesson learned from the
experience of the 20th century only reflects
common sense
In the 21st century, societal investments in
scientific research and technological development
that do not accept failure as the price for
successful innovation is a system doomed to
failure.
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The Conundrum for Science in the 21st Century
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
What man desires in not knowledge, but
certainty. Winston Churchill
The trouble with the world is that the stupid
are cocksure and the intelligent are full of
doubt. Bertrand Russell
If all economists (scientists?) were laid end to
end, they would not reach a conclusion. George
Bernard Shaw
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The 21st Century Challenge of Building a
Knowledge Society
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Most of us are more responsible for what we
decide not to do than for what we do.
Voltaire
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
STAS WEBSITE
www.state.gov/g/stas
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
PRESIDENTS COUNCIL OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (PCAST)

• Sustaining the Nations Innovation Ecosystems
• Pillars
• Research and Development
• Manufacturing
• Supporting elements
• Skilled scientists and engineers, and workforce
• Entrepreneurial business climate
• Government and rule of law ( IP protections)
• Infrastructure
• Markets
• Report on Information Technology Manufacturing
  and Competitiveness

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2. Importance of ST in the U.S.ST System
Lessons Learned
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• What characteristics of the U.S. system made it
  successful and which are relevant to the future?
• 1. U.S. made a consistent commitment to
  education, and especially to higher education and
  scientific research. U.S. research universities
  would not be what they are today without 50 years
  of Federal support.
• 2. U.S. fostered an open, welcoming environment
  that encouraged students and researchers from
  around the world to participate.
• 3. U.S. private sector embraced scientific
  achievements and effectively converted many into
  world-class technologies that promoted both
  societal well-being and created new global
  economies.
• Result Leading-edge U.S. ST is widely
  respected globally.

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Pasteurs Quadrant Basic Science and
Technological Innovation
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Considerations of use? NO YES
YES Quest for fundamental understanding? NO
A new appraisal of basic science research, and
technological innovation
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NATIONAL INNOVATION INITIATIVE REPORT
THE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM
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Visa Processing Improvements
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• Increasing the transparency, efficiency, and
  effectiveness of U.S. visa procedures
• Streamlined procedures for Visas Mantis reviews
  --
• The average time to process a visa application
  via Washington is 30 calendar days or less.
• Validity periods for Visas Mantis clearances have
  been extended for specific classifications of
  nonimmigrant visas.
• Open Doors with Security

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ST as a Bridge between Cultures
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• Essential pillars of a Knowledge Society
• Guaranteeing freedom of opinion, speech, and
  assembly through good governance
• Providing a high quality education for all
  members of society
• Embedding ST in education, building capacity for
  RD
• Shifting toward a knowledge-based production
  system

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Countries Contributing to JPC A

• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hong Kong
• Hungary
• India
• Ireland
• Israel
• Italy
• Japan
• Korea

• Lebanon
• Lithuania
• Mexico
• Morocco
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Norway
• Poland
• PR China
• Puerto Rico
• Russia

• Slovak
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Taiwan
• Turkey
• Ukraine
• Uruguay
• United Kingdom
• United States (41)
• Venezuela

• Argentina
• Australia
• Austria
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Canada
• Chile
• Colombia
• Croatia
• Czech Republic

Of the 12,543 pages published in 2003, 59 were
contributed by authors working in countries
outside the United States
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
ST as a bridge between cultures
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Importance of ST in the U.S.
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• U.S. Objectives for International ST Cooperation
• To maintain and continually improve the quality
  of U.S.
• science by applying global standards of
  excellence.
• 2. To provide access by U.S. scientists to the
  frontiers of
• science without regard to national borders.
• To increase the productivity of U.S. science
  through
• collaborations between U.S. scientists and the
  worlds
• leading scientists, regardless of national
  origin.

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Importance of ST in the U.S

• U.S. Objectives for International ST Cooperation
  (cont.)
• To strengthen U.S. science through visits,
  exchanges,
• and immigration by outstanding scientists from
  other
• nations.
• To increase U.S. national security and economic
• prosperity by fostering improvement of
  conditions in
• other countries through increased technical
  capability.
• To accelerate the progress of science across a
  broader
  front than the U.S. may choose to pursue
• with its own resources.

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Importance of ST in the U.S
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• U.S. Objectives for International ST Cooperation
  (cont.)
• 7. To improve understanding by other nations of
• U.S. values and ways of doing business.
• To address U.S. interests of such global nature
• that the U.S. alone cannot satisfy them.
• To discharge obligations negotiated via
  treaties.
• To increase U.S. prestige and influence with
  other nations.

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3. ST as a Bridge between Cultures Economic
significance of ST
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
A. Major ST advances in the 21st century will
not only have economic impact, but can also
challenge the effectiveness of our governmental
institutions and ethical precepts. B. The rate
at which technological opportunities are based on
scientific achievements is accelerating. C. The
speed with which the public is informed about
both the opportunities and vulnerabilities
associated with ST advances, either accurately
or inaccurately, is highly compressed.
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1. Role of ST in Global Affairs
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• ST issues are increasingly critical factors in
  formulating and implementing global policies.
• ST advances are critical elements in three
  pillars of national and global security
  intelligence, diplomacy, and war fighting.
• International leadership in ST remains
  geographically dynamic (Europe U.S. global
  collaboration)
• Current status of the U.S. ST system
  characterized by several lessons learned in
  education, research, and economics

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
STAS Core Objectives

• Enhancing the ST literacy and capacity of the
  DoS increasing the number of scientists in the
  DoS and the exposure of non-scientist DoS
  personnel to ST issues
• American Association for the Advancement of
  Science Fellowships
• Professional Science Society Fellowships
• American Institute of Physics, Institute of
  Electrical and Electronics Engineers, American
  Chemical Society
• Jefferson Science Fellowships
• S T Student Internships (in the U.S and
  abroad)
• Embassy Science Fellows

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STAS Core Objectives
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
2. Building partnerships with the outside ST
community throughout the USG, with partners
abroad, and in foreign embassies in the US 3.
Providing accurate ST advice to the DoS the
Secretary of State, other senior DoS
officials, and embassies on emerging and
at the horizon ST 4. Developing
initiatives to enhance a forward looking
international leadership by DoS on ST issues
both current and future perspectives to create a
proactive, anticipatory environment for
decision making (contrasting crisis management)
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
STAS Core Objectives

• Enhancing the ST literacy and capacity of the
  DoS increasing the number of scientists in the
  DoS and the exposure of non- scientist DoS
  personnel to ST issues
• 2. Building partnerships with the outside ST
  communities in the U.S and abroad
• 3. Providing accurate advice to the Secretary,
  and the DoS in general, on both contemporaneous,
  emerging, and at-the- horizon ST.
• 4. Developing initiatives to enhance a forward
  looking international leadership by DoS on ST
  issues create a more proactive, anticipatory
  environment for decision making.

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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
T
NSF Science and Engineering Indicators - 2004
Total
US Citizens Permanent Residents
Foreign
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
Council of Graduate Schools
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
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Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
(STAS)
Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary
The position of Science and Technology Adviser
to the Secretary of State (STAS) was created in
2000 to strengthen the role of science and
technology (ST) within the foreign policy
community both in the Department of State in its
embassies and missions. The appointment of a
STAS in the Department of State was recommended
by the National Academies and the National
Research Council.
Integrating Foreign Policy and Science
48
Science and Technology (ST) in the 21st Century

Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary

• What characteristics of the U.S. system made it
  successful and which lessons learned are relevant
  to the future?
• 1. U.S. made a consistent commitment to
  education, and especially to higher education and
  scientific research. U.S. research universities
  would not be what they are today without 50 years
  of Federal support.
• 2. U.S. fostered an open, welcoming environment
  that encouraged students and researchers from
  around the world to participate.
• 3. U.S. private sector embraced scientific
  achievements and effectively converted many into
  world-class technologies that promoted both
  societal well-being and created new global
  economies.
• Result Leading-edge U.S. ST remains widely
  respected globally.