Arenguuuringud 5' Arenguhindamine I

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Arengu-uuringud5. Arenguhindamine I

• Mati Heidmets
• 10.11.2008

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Arengumõõdikud

• Välja kujunenud valdkonnad instrumentide
  komplekt hindamaks maailma riikide/ühiskondade
  arengutaset. Tuntumad konstruktid, mida
  hinnatakse
• Vabadus (poliitilised vabadused, majandusvabadus,
  demokraatia)
• Tervis, haigestumine, eluiga, hälbiv käitumine
• Võrdsus (ebavõrdsus, võrdsed võimalused)
• Majanduskeskkond, tehnoloogia, innovatsioon,
  internet
• Riigi võimekus
• Keskkonnaseisund
• Usaldus, sallivus, rahumeelsus, subjektiivne
  rahulolu, õnn, väärtused
• Igaühe kohta mis see on, kes mõõdab/hindab ja
  kuidas, millised andmebaasid olemas, näited
  tulemustest

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Vabaduse mõõtmed ja mõõtjad

• Poliitilised ja kodanikuvabadused Freedom House
• Ajakirjandusvabadus Freedom House
• Demokraatia The Economist
• Majandusvabadus Heritage Foundation

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Vabadus Freedom House

• Mission Statement
• Freedom House is an independent nongovernmental
  organization that supports the expansion of
  freedom in the world. Freedom is possible only in
  democratic political systems in which the
  governments are accountable to their own people
  the rule of law prevails and freedoms of
  expression, association, and belief, as well as
  respect for the rights of minorities and women,
  are guaranteed.
• Freedom House is a clear voice for democracy and
  freedom around the world. Since its founding in
  1941 by prominent Americans concerned with the
  mounting threats to peace and democracy, Freedom
  House has been a vigorous proponent of democratic
  values and a steadfast opponent of dictatorships
  of the far left and the far right.   Eleanor
  Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie served as Freedom
  Houses first honorary co-chairpersons.

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Freedom House

• Andmekogumine ja publitseerimine
• Beginning with Freedom in the World in 1972,
  Freedom House has actively published comparative
  surveys and special reports focused on the state
  of democracy and human rights around the world.
• Freedom House's annual publications include
  Freedom in the World, an assessment of the state
  of political rights in 192 countries and 14
  related and disputed territories Freedom of the
  Press, an annual report on journalistic
  independence around the world Nations in
  Transit, which examines 29 countries from Central
  Europe to Eurasia and Countries at the
  Crossroads, a first-of-its-kind survey of
  democratic governance that evaluates performance
  in 30 key countries that are at a crossroads in
  determining their political future.
• In addition, Freedom House produces a number of
  special reports focusing on issues of import.
  Freedom House's publications are widely used by
  policy-makers, journalists, and scholars, and can
  be read for free on this website
• Vt http//www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page
  363year2008

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FH mõõtmisinstrumendid

• Survey Methodology
• The 2008 survey, which provides analytical
  reports and numerical ratings for 195 countries
  and territories, expands a process conducted
  since 1980 by Freedom House. The findings are
  widely used by governments, international
  organizations, academics, and the news media in
  many countries. Countries are given a total score
  from 0 (best) to 100 (worst) on the basis of a
  set of 23 methodology questions divided into
  three subcategories. Assigning numerical points
  allows for comparative analysis among the
  countries surveyed and facilitates an examination
  of trends over time. The degree to which each
  country permits the free flow of news and
  information determines the classification of its
  media as Free, Partly Free, or Not Free.
  Countries scoring 0 to 30 are regarded as having
  Free media 31 to 60, Partly Free media and
  61 to 100, Not Free media. The criteria for
  such judgments and the arithmetic scheme for
  displaying the judgments are described in the
  following section. The ratings and reports
  included in Freedom of the Press 2008 cover
  events that took place between January 1, 2007,
  and December 31, 2007.
• Checklist of Methodology Questions for 2008
• A. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT (030 POINTS)
• 1. Do the constitution or other basic laws
  contain provisions designed to protect freedom of
  the press and of expression, and are they
  enforced? (06 points)
• 2. Do the penal code, security laws, or any other
  laws restrict reporting, and are journalists
  punished under these laws? (06 points)
• 3. Are there penalties for libeling officials or
  the state, and are they enforced? (03 points)
• 4. Is the judiciary independent, and do courts
  judge cases concerning the media impartially?
  (03 points)
• 5. Is freedom of information legislation in
  place, and are journalists able to make use of
  it? (02 points)
• 6. Can individuals or business entities legally
  establish and operate private media outlets
  without undue interference? (04 points)
• 7. Are media regulatory bodies, such as a
  broadcasting authority or national press or
  communications council, able to operate freely
  and independently? (02 points)
• 8. Is there freedom to become a journalist and to
  practice journalism, and can professional groups
  freely support journalists rights and interests?
  (04 points)

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FH mõõtmisinstrumendid II

• B. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (040 POINTS)
• 1. To what extent are media outlets news and
  information content determined by the government
  or a particular partisan interest? (010 points)
• 2. Is access to official or unofficial sources
  generally controlled? (02 points)
• 3. Is there official censorship? (04 points)
• 4. Do journalists practice self-censorship? (04
  points)
• 5. Do people have access to media coverage that
  is robust and reflects a diversity of viewpoints?
  (04 points)
• 6. Are both local and foreign journalists able to
  cover the news freely? (06 points)
• 7. Are journalists or media outlets subject to
  extralegal intimidation or physical violence by
  state authorities or any other actor? (010
  points)
• C. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (030 POINTS)
• 1. To what extent are media owned or controlled
  by the government, and does this influence their
  diversity of views? (06 points)
• 2. Is private media ownership transparent, thus
  allowing consumers to judge the impartiality of
  the news? (03 points)
• 3. Is private media ownership highly
  concentrated, and does it influence diversity of
  content? (03 points)
• 4. Are there restrictions on the means of
  journalistic production and distribution? (04
  points)
• 5. Does the state place prohibitively high costs
  on the establishment and operation of media
  outlets? (04 points)
• 6. Do the state or other actors try to control
  the media through allocation of advertising or
  subsidies? (03 points)
• 7. Do journalists receive payment from private or
  public sources whose design is to influence their
  journalistic content? (03 points)

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Ajakirjandusvabadus 1984

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Ajakirjandusvabadus 1994

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Ajakirjandusvabadus 2007

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Press freedom in the world, by population,
2008Source Freedom House
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Press freedom in the world, by country,
2008Source Freedom House
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Vabadus maailmas(allikas Freedom House, 2007)
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Demokraatia The Economist

• The Economist has in a study examined the state
  of democracy in 167 countries and attempted to
  quantify this with an Economist Intelligence Unit
  Index of Democracy which focused on five general
  categories free and fair election process, civil
  liberties, functioning of government, political
  participation and political culture. Sweden
  scored a total of 9.88 on a scale from zero to
  ten, which was the highest result, North Korea
  scored the lowest with 1.03.
• "Full Democracies", "Flawed Democracies", and
  "Hybrid Regimes" are considered to be democracies
  and "Authoritarian Regimes" are considered to be
  dictatorial.
• Vt http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index

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Demokraatia mõõtmine

• The democracy index is a kind of weighted average
  based on the answers of 60 questions, each one
  with either two or three permitted alternative
  answers. Most answers are "experts' assessments.
  
• The questions are distributed into the five
  categories enumerated supra. Each answer is
  translated to a mark, either 0 or 1, or for the
  three answer alternative questions, 0.5.
  Likewise, there are a few questions considered so
  important that a low score on them yields a
  penalty on the total score sum for their
  respective categories, namely
• "Whether national elections are free and fair"
• "The security of voters"
• "The influence of foreign powers on government"
• "The capability of the civil servants to
  implement policies".
• The five category indices, which all are listed
  in the report, are then averaged to find the
  democracy index for a given country. Finally, the
  democracy index, rounded to one decimal, decides
  the classification of the country, as quoted
• Functioning democraciesscores of 8-10.
• Flawed democraciesscores of 6 to 7.9.
• Hybrid regimesscores of 4 to 5.9.
• Authoritarian regimesscores below 4.

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Demokraatia indeks The Economist

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Majandusvabadus Heritage Foundation

• MissionFounded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation
  is a research and educational institute - a think
  tank - whose mission is to formulate and promote
  conservative public policies based on the
  principles of free enterprise, limited
  government, individual freedom, traditional
  American values, and a strong national defense.
• Index of economic freedom http//www.heritage.org
  /Index/
• The Index's 2008 definition of economic freedom
  is the following "The highest form of economic
  freedom provides an absolute right of property
  ownership, fully realized freedoms of movement
  for labor, capital, and goods, and an absolute
  absence of coercion or constraint of economic
  liberty beyond the extent necessary for citizens
  to protect and maintain liberty itself."
• The index scores nations on 10 broad factors of
  economic freedom using statistics from
  organizations like the World Bank, the IMF and
  the Economist Intelligence Unit Business
  Freedom,Trade Freedom, Monetary Freedom, Freedom
  from Government, Fiscal Freedom, Property
  Rights, Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom,
  Freedom from Corruption, Labor Freedom,
• The 10 factors are averaged equally into a total
  score. Each one of the 10 freedoms is graded
  using a scale from 0 to 100, where 100 represents
  the maximum freedom.

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Majandusvabadus, 2007 (allikas Heritage
Foundation)

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Majandusvabadus 2008 (allikas Heritage
Foundation)

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Miks vabadus?

• E. Fromm põgenemine vabaduse eest?!
• Oluline individuaalse ressursi avanemine,
  etteaimatav ühiskond, inimõigused,
• Demokraatia vähemohtlik kui autokraatia,
  kohanemisvõimelisem, kollektiivset tarkust
  kasutav

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Tervis, haigused, eluiga

• World Health Organization
• WHO is the directing and coordinating authority
  for health within the United Nations system. It
  is responsible for providing leadership on global
  health matters, shaping the health research
  agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating
  evidence-based policy options, providing
  technical support to countries and monitoring and
  assessing health trends.
• In the 21st century, health is a shared
  responsibility, involving equitable access to
  essential care and collective defence against
  transnational threats.
• Vt http//www.who.int/research/en/
• WHOSIS, the WHO Statistical Information System,
  is an interactive database bringing together core
  health statistics for the 193 WHO Member States.
  It comprises more than 70 indicators, which can
  be accessed by way of a quick search, by major
  categories, or through user-defined tables. The
  data can be further filtered, tabulated, charted
  and downloaded. The data are also published
  annually in the World Health Statistics Report

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Life expectancy at birth, males, 2003Allikas WHO
23
Tervishoiukulutused inimese kohta, 2004(Allikas
WHO)

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AIDSi levik maailmas(allikas WHO)

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Hälbiv käitumine

• Normi eiramine
• Deviance describes actions or behaviors that
  violate cultural norms including formally-enacted
  rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal
  violations of social norms (e.g., nose-picking).
  It is the remit of sociologists and
  criminologists to study how these norms are
  created how they change over time and how they
  are enforced.
• Anomie, in contemporary English language is a
  sociological term that signifies in individuals,
  an erosion, diminution or absence of personal
  norms, standards or values, and increased states
  of psychological normlessness. When applied to a
  government or society, anomie implies a social
  unrest. Emile Durkheim described anomie as a
  state of relative normlessness or a state in
  which norms have been eroded. A norm is an
  expectation of how people will behave, and it
  takes the form of a rule that is socially rather
  than formally enforced.
• Arengukontekstis kuritegevus, alkoholism,
  tapmised, narkomaania

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Hindajad

• Vangid Kings College, UK http//www.kcl.ac.uk/sch
  ools/law/research/icps
• Alkoholitarbimine WHO, http//en.wikipedia.org/wi
  ki/ImageAlcohol_consumption_per_capita_world_map.
  PNG
• Tapmised Jeandre du Toit http//commons.wikimedi
  a.org/wiki/ImageMap-world-murder-rate.svg
• Enesetapud WHO, http//www.who.int/mental_health/
  prevention/suicide/country_reports/en/index.html
• AIDS WHO

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Prison population EuropeAllikas
http//www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/law/research/icps

• .

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Prison population rates (per 100 000)

• Russia 624
• Belarus 426
• Ukraine 345
• Estonia 333
• Latvia 292
• Georgia 276
• Moldova 247
• Poland 238
• Lithuania 235
• Azerbaidjan 202
• Czech Rep 186
• Hungary 156
• Romania 155
• Slovakia 155

• Bulgaria 148
• Serbia 117
• Armenia 89
• Croatia 87
• Slovakia 65
• Bosnia and Hzg 64
• .
• India 30
• Iceland 40
• China 118
• USA 737
• Source International Centre for Prison Studies,
  Kings College, 2007

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Vange 100 000 elaniku kohta, 2006

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World alcohol consumption - litres per capita
http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImageAlcohol_co
nsumption_per_capita_world_map.PNG
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Tapmiste arv(100 000 elaniku kohta,
2004)(Allikas http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image
Map-world-murder-rate-red.svg)

• .

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Enesetappude arv 100 000 elaniku
kohta(Allikas http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image
SuicideRates.PNG)
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Kommentaarid

• 90 mehed!
• Within the Western world, nearly 90 of all
  murders are committed by males, with males also
  being the victims of 74.6 of murders (according
  the US Department of Justice). There is a sharp
  peak in the age distribution of murderers between
  the ages of 17 and 30. People become decreasingly
  likely to commit a murder as they age.
• Arvukus!
• According to official statistics, about a million
  people die by suicide annually, more than those
  murdered or killed in war. Worldwide suicide
  rates have increased by 60 in the past 50 years,
  mainly in the developing countries. Most suicides
  in the world occur in Asia, which is estimated to
  account for up to 60 of all suicides. According
  to the World Health Organization, China, India
  and Japan may account for 40 of all world
  suicides.
• In the Western world, males die much more often
  by means of suicide than do females, although
  females attempt suicide more often. This pattern
  has held for at least a century. Some medical
  professionals believe this stems from the fact
  that males are more likely to end their lives
  through effective violent means (guns, knives,
  hanging, etc.), while women primarily use more
  failure-prone methods such as overdosing on
  medications again, this has been the case for at
  least a century

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Võrdsus, võrdsed võimalused

• Gini indeks, sissetulekute jaotus, mõõdab UNDP
• The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical
  dispersion most prominently used as a measure of
  inequality of income distribution or inequality
  of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio
  with values between 0 and 1 A low Gini
  coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth
  distribution, while a high Gini coefficient
  indicates more unequal distribution. 0
  corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having
  exactly the same income) and 1 corresponds to
  perfect inequality (where one person has all the
  income, while everyone else has zero income).
• Sooline võrdõiguslikkus, mõõdavad paljud
• UNDP - The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a
  measure of inequalities between men's and women's
  opportunities in a country. It combines
  inequalities in three areas political
  participation and decision making, economic
  participation and decision making, and power over
  economic resources. It is one of the five
  indicators used by the United Nations Development
  Programme in its annual HDR
• OECD - The OECD Gender, Institutions and
  Development Data Base (GID-DB) is a tool to
  determine and analyse obstacles to womens social
  and economic development. The data base, which
  was introduced by the OECD Development Centre on
  International Women's Day 2006, covers a total of
  160 countries and comprises an array of 60
  indicators on gender discrimination.
• Vt http//stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?Dataset
  CodeGIDlangen

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Majanduslik ebavõrdsus maailmas(allikas UNDP,
HDR 2007/08)

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(No Transcript)
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Sooline diskrimineerimineAllikas OECD
http//www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3343,en_2649_339
35_38205899_1_1_1_1,00.html

• .

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Miks võrdsus?

• Sama mis vabadus individuaalse ressursi
  avanemine, surve demokraatiale ja inimõigustele
  
• Eriline surve soolisele võrdõiguslikkusele
  MDG!?
• Võrdsuse pahupool?