Arenguuuringud 5' Arenguhindamine II

1
Arengu-uuringud5. Arenguhindamine II

• Mati Heidmets
• 10.11.2008

2
Arengumõõdikud

• Välja kujunenud valdkonnad instrumentide
  komplekt hindamaks maailma riikide/ühiskondade
  arengutaset. Tuntumad konstruktid, mida
  hinnatakse
• Vabadus (poliitilised vabadused, majandusvabadus,
  demokraatia)
• Tervis, haigestumine, eluiga, hälbiv käitumine
• Võrdsus (ebavõrdsus, võrdsed võimalused)
• Majanduskeskkond, tehnoloogia, innovatsioon,
  internet
• Riigi võimekus
• Keskkonnaseisund
• Usaldus, sallivus, rahumeelsus, subjektiivne
  rahulolu, õnn, väärtused
• Igaühe kohta mis see on, kes mõõdab/hindab ja
  kuidas, millised andmebaasid olemas, näited
  tulemustest

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Majanduskeskkond

• World Bank Doing Business Report
• Vt http//www.doingbusiness.org/
• Riikide järjestus http//www.doingbusiness.org/ec
  onomyrankings/
• Näitajad
• Starting a Business
• Dealing with Construction Permits
• Employing Workers
• Registering Property
• Getting Credit
• Protecting Investors
• Paying Taxes
• Trading Across Borders
• Enforcing Contracts
• Closing a Business

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WB doing business rankings

• 1.Singapore 1,9,5,1,13,7,2,2,14,2
• 2.New Zealand
• 3.USA
• 18.Georgia 10,11, 4,11,48, 33,102, 64,42,105
• 19.Belgium
• 20.Germany
• 22.Estonia 23, 19, 163, 24,43, 53,34,5,30,58
• ..
• 38.Spain
• 39.Armenia 47, 73,48,2,36, 83,143,118,64,42
• 40.Kuwait
• ..
• Source World Bank, Doing Business 2008 report

• 57.Turkey
• 71.Kazakhstan
• 96.Azerbaidijan
• 106.Russia
• 135.Iran
• 139.Ukraine
• 153.Tajikistan
• 159.Afganistan
• 178.Congo

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Innovatsioon. Internet

• European Innovation Scoreboard
• The European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) is the
  instrument developed at the initiative of the
  European Commission, under the Lisbon Strategy,
  to provide a comparative assessment of the
  innovation performance of EU Member States. The
  EIS 2007 includes innovation indicators and trend
  analyses for the EU27 Member States as well as
  for Croatia, Turkey, Iceland, Norway,
  Switzerland, Japan, the US, Australia, Canada and
  Israel.
• Vt 2008 aruannet
• http//www.proinno-europe.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction
  page.displaytopicID5parentID51
• Internetikasutajad
• http//www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

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Innovatsiooniindeks, 2007

• .

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Internet users per 1000 people, 2006
(calculated from CIA World Factbook)

• Netherlands 891
• Iceland 869
• New Zealand 780
• USA 692
• Estonia 512
• Latvia 447
• Lithuania 357
• Source www.nationmaster.com

• Turkey 222
• Russia 165
• Azerbaijan 80
• Armenia 49
• Georgia 39
• Kazakhstan 26
• Bangladesh 2
• Niger 1

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Läbikukkunud riigid

• A failed state is a state whose central
  government is so weak or ineffective that it has
  little practical control over much of its
  territory. The level of control required to avoid
  being considered a failed state varies
  considerably amongst authorities. Furthermore,
  the declaration that a state has "failed" is
  generally controversial and, when made
  authoritatively, may carry significant
  geopolitical consequences
• Since 2005 the United States think-tank, the Fund
  for Peace and the magazine Foreign Policy,
  publishes an annual index called the Failed
  States Index.
• Riikide järjestust vt
• http//www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?optionc
  om_contenttaskviewid99Itemid140

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Failed states, 2007 Allikas http//www.fundforpe
ace.org/web/index.php?optioncom_contenttaskview
id99Itemid140

• .

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Keskkond

• Ökoloogiline jalajälg
• The ecological footprint is a measure of human
  demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares
  human demand with planet Earth's ecological
  capacity to regenerate it. It represents the
  amount of biologically productive land and sea
  area needed to regenerate the resources a human
  population consumes and to absorb and render
  harmless the corresponding waste, given
  prevailing technology and resource management
  practice. Using this assessment, it is possible
  to estimate how many planet Earths it would take
  to support humanity if everybody lived a given
  lifestyle.
• Andmed riikide kohta http//www.footprintnetwork.
  org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/

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Ökoloogiline jalajälg, 1961
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Ökoloogiline jalajälg, 2001
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Ecological Creditors and Debtors Allikas
http//www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?conten
tcreditor_debtor

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Subjektiivne maailmapilt

• Inimese subjektiivne vaade elule usaldus,
  rahulolu, rahumeelsus, sallivus, õnn, väärtused
• Sallivuse defitsiit ja sallivuse tootmine
  arenguprobleem?!
• Sallivus hoiak, tunne, mida poliitiliselt
  reguleeritakse?

15
Sallivus UNESCO Declaration of the principles of
tolerance - 1995

• Article 1 - Meaning of tolerance
• Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation
  of the rich diversity of our world's cultures,
  our forms of expression and ways of being human.
  ...
• Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not
  only a moral duty, it is also a political and
  legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that
  makes peace possible, contributes to the
  replacement of the culture of war by a culture of
  peace.
• Tolerance is not concession, condescension or
  indulgence. Tolerance is, above all, an active
  attitude prompted by recognition of the universal
  human rights and fundamental freedoms of others.
  

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UNECSO 1995 ...

• Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds
  human rights, pluralism (including cultural
  pluralism), democracy and the rule of law.
• Consistent with respect for human rights, the
  practice of tolerance does not mean toleration of
  social injustice or the abandonment or weakening
  of one's convictions.
• In the modern world, tolerance is more essential
  than ever before. Without tolerance there can
  be no peace, and without peace there can be no
  development or democracy.
• In order to generate public awareness, emphasize
  the dangers of intolerance and react with renewed
  commitment and action in support of tolerance
  promotion and education, we solemnly proclaim 16
  November the annual International Day for
  Tolerance.

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Miks sallivus?

• Avatud maailm erinevused ärritavad.
• Täna poliitika ja usu kõrvale ka teistsugune
  keel, käitumine, riietus, hoiakud, suhted...
  Ärritavad nudistid, autistid, tüsedad,
  koolikohustuse vältijad, taimetoitlased, homod
  ja lesbid, maa- ja vanaususlised
• Sallivus ärrituse mahasurumine, agressiivsuse
  mahasurumine
• Üldine hoiak - sallivus on väärtus, sallivust
  on vähe. Vaidlus - kas sallida
  kultuuripraktikat, mis näit vastuolus lääneliku
  arusaamaga inimõigustest? Kas on põhjendatud
  sallimatust?
• Mis toodab sallivust kindlustunne, isiklik
  kogemus.
• Sallival inimesel identiteedipiirid laiad. Erich
  Fromm ja ligimesearmastus!

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Sallivus suhtumine immigratsiooni ja
multikultuursusesse(Allikad Pew Global
Attitudes, 2007, EIA, 2006)

• .

• Vastuseis multikultuursele ühiskonnale EL
  liikmesriikides 2003, ( küsitletutest kes
  väljendasid vastuseisu, /Resistance to
  multicultural society)
• Kreeka 59
• Eesti 51
• Läti 44
• Tsehhi 39
• Belgia 37
• Küpros 36
• Saksamaa 34
• Leedu 33
• Slovakkia 29
• Austria 27
• Itaalia 24
• Soome 24
• Taani 22
• Prantsusmaa 22
• Malta 22
• Holland 22

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Suhtumine islamiusulistesseAllikas
http//pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID
262

• .

20
Usaldus Eesti institutsioonide usaldusväärsus,
2007Allikas J.Kivirähk EIA 2007, 64
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Rahumeelsus global peace index

• Global Peace Index is an attempt to measure the
  relative position of nations and regions
  peacefulness. It is maintained by the Institute
  for Economics and Peace and developed in
  consultation with an international panel of peace
  experts from peace institutes and think tanks,
  together with the Centre for Peace and Conflict
  Studies, University of Sydney, Australia with
  data analysed by the Economist Intelligence Unit
• The list was launched first in May 2007 and then
  recently in May 2008 and is claimed to be the
  first study to rank countries around the world
  according to their peacefulness.
• The research team was headed by The Economist
  Intelligence Unit in conjunction with academics
  and experts in the field of peace. They measured
  countries' peacefulness based on wide range of
  indicators, 24 in all.

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Rahumeelsuse mõõtmine

• Methodology and Data SourcesThe
  indicatorsTwenty-four indicators of the
  existence or absence of peace were chosen by the
  panel, which are divided into three key thematic
  categories. Many of the indicators have been
  "banded" on a scale of 1-5 qualitative
  indicators in the index have been scored by the
  Economist Intelligence Unit's extensive team of
  country analysts, and gaps in the quantitative
  data have been filled by estimates. Indicators of
  quantitative data such as military expenditure or
  jailed population have been normalised on the
  basis ofx (x-Min(x)) / (Max (x) - Min (x))
• Where Min (x) and Max (x) are respectively the
  lowest and highest values in the 140 countries
  for any given indicator. The normalised value is
  then transformed from a 0-1 value to a 1-5 score
  to make it comparable with the other indicators.

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Rahumeelsuse mõõtmine

• Measures of ongoing domestic and international
  conflict
• Number of external and internal conflicts fought
  2001-06
• Estimated number of deaths from organised
  conflict (external)
• Number of deaths from organised conflict
  (internal)
• Level of organised conflict (internal)
• Relations with neighbouring countries
• Measures of societal safety and securityLevel of
  distrust in other citizens
• Number of displaced people as a percentage of the
  population
• Political instability
• Level of disrespect for human rights (Political
  Terror Scale)
• Potential for terrorist acts
• Number of homicides per 100,000 people
• Level of violent crime
• Likelihood of violent demonstrations
• Number of jailed population per 100,000 people
• Number of internal security officers and police
  per 100,000 people

• Measures of militarizationMilitary expenditure
  as a percentage of GDP
• Number of armed services personnel per 100,000
  people
• Volume of transfers (imports) of major
  conventional weapons per 100,000 people
• Volume of transfers (exports) of major
  conventional weapons per 100,000 people
• UN Deployments 2007-08 (percentage of total armed
  forces)
• Non-UN Deployments 2007-08 (percentage of total
  armed forces)
• Aggregate number of heavy weapons per 100,000
  people
• Ease of access to small arms and light weapons
• Military capability/sophistication

24
Global peace indexAllikas http//www.visionofhu
manity.org/gpi/home.php

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Subjektiivne heaolu. Õnnetunne

• New Economics Foundation, http//www.neweconomics.
  org/gen/m1_i1_aboutushome.aspx
• nef is an independent think-and-do tank that
  inspires and demonstrates real economic
  well-being.
• We aim to improve quality of life by promoting
  innovative solutions that challenge mainstream
  thinking on economic, environment and social
  issues. We work in partnership and put people and
  the planet first.
• nef was founded in 1986 by the leaders of The
  Other Economic Summit (TOES) which forced issues
  such as international debt onto the agenda of the
  G7 and G8 summits.
• We are unique in combining rigorous analysis and
  policy debate with practical solutions on the
  ground, often run and designed with the help of
  local people. We also create new ways of
  measuring progress towards increased well-being
  and environmental sustainability.
• nef works with all sections of society in the UK
  and internationally - civil society, government,
  individuals, businesses and academia - to create
  more understanding and strategies for change

26
Happy planet indexAllikas nef,
http//www.happyplanetindex.org/index.htm

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Satisfaction with Life Index by Adrian White,
University of Leicester, Legend Green
Happiest gt Blue gt Purple gt Orange gt Red Least
Happy Grey Data not availablehttp//en.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_with_Life_IndexInternati
onal_Ranking_.282006.29

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Subjektiivne heaoluAllikas http//www.le.ac.uk/u
sers/aw57/world/sample.html
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Maailma väärtuskaartAllikas R.Inglehart,
http//margaux.grandvinum.se/SebTest/wvs/articles/
folder_published/article_base_54


                                                
                   

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Arenguanalüüsi loogika

• Positiivselt esiletoodud arengud rohkem vabadust
  ja demokraatiat, kõrgem haridustase, parem tervis
  ja vähem hälbivat käitumist, piiranguteta äri,
  vähem korruptsiooni, oma ülesandeid täitev riik,
  uute tehnoloogiate kiire juurdumine, väiksem
  keskkonnakoormus, sallivus, rahumeelsus,
  õnnetunne
• See läänemaailma tänane pilt arengust?!

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Arenguanalüüsi areng

• Suur pilt ja seosed erinevate arengudimensioonide
  vahel
• Kas rikkus toodab õnne, kus on kasvu piirid, miks
  muutuvad väärtused, religioon ja areng, kust on
  pärit keskkonnasäästlik mõtteviis

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Wealth and religiosityAllikas
http//www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/2275614130/

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Heaolu ja ökoloogiline jalajälg(allikas UNDP)

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