Technology Transfer

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Technology Transfer
In the United States
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Transfer Continuum

• Where are you on the continuum?

• Pick a third world country. Where are they?

Industrial/Gov. Espionage
Reluctant Recipients
The average US citizen!
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How Technology may be Transferred
1. Technology may be transferred within the
realms of science and technology, themselves, to
further the causes of those disciplines.
2. Technology may be transferred within a
societal level from one geographic location to
another, usually for economic gain.
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How Technology may be Transferred
3. Technology may be transferred from one
societal level to another societal level, both
internationally and intranationally, ostensibly
for development.
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Technology Transfer The Process
Assumptions
1. Technology may be transferred, regardless of
the definition used for the term technology.
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Technology Transfer The Process
Assumptions (continued)
2. Regardless of the purpose of the transfer, a
technology always involves the introduction of
a new technology to an area, place, position,
process, and so on, where it was not currently
being applied.
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Technology Transfer The Process
Assumptions (continued)
3. A transfer of technology will always result
in a change -- in process, in product, in
power, in attitude, in wants and desires,
and/or in situations that are either
political, social, economic, or environmental.

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Technology Transfer The Process
Assumptions (continued)
4. For a technology transfer to be viable in the
new situation, a process of adoption and
diffusion is necessary.
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Stages of Adoption and Diffusion
1. Awareness -- Critical because of humans
inclination to reject or play down unfamiliar
things. (Must be positive or the process will
halt before it begins.)
2. Interest stage begins when the individual
seeks further information about the new or
transferred technology.
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Stages of Adoption and Diffusion
3. Evaluation -- A decision making process How
valuable is the new or transferred technology to
the individuals personal situation?
4. Trial -- A pilot study, a trial run, or some
small portion of the overall situation is
sacrificed.
5. Adoption -- It is implemented!
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Groups Effecting Adoption and Diffusion
1. Innovators -- Usually only 2 or 3 in a
community. --Pillars of their society (the
aristocrats, they are active in their community
and are powerful beyond the local society)
--Rarely considered as friends and neighbors
by most of the local society --Often wealthy
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Groups Effecting Adoption and Diffusion
2. Early Adopters -- Younger and more educated
then average member of the society --Dominates
the local leadership --Like the innovator--keeps
abreast or profession through reading current
literature --The Go-getter, a person on the
move!
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Groups Effecting Adoption and Diffusion
3. Early Majority -- The first large group of
adopters -- Usually the upper middle class --
Informal leaders of the community -- Slow to
decide but make the right decision when they
decide -- Prestige usually not beyond the local
community
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Groups Effecting Adoption and Diffusion
4. Majority -- The middle class of the
society -- Accept new technology or transfer
after established as significantly better than
old -- As a group they take few risks --
Inactive in the community -- Do not read to keep
up
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Groups Effecting Adoption and Diffusion
5. Nonadopters -- Outside the mainstream of the
society -- Steadfast to hold to the old even
though the may be an undeniable improvement
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Formal and Informal Channels
What does it mean to be a formal channel for
technology transfer.
A formal channel for technology transfer is
sponsored by a government. (e.g. A turn key
power plant.)
Name several informal channels.
e.g. research journal articles, research
presentations, one company to another
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A New World Order?
Appropriate Technology?
Rate of Diffusion?
Imitation Lag? Demand Lag?
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The Five principles of Peaceful Coexistence
sovereignty, equality, peace, justice, and
noninterference in internal affairs of states.
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Tell me about --
Peoples Republic of China
India
http//www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos
/in.html http//news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sp
ecial_report/1998/05/98/india_nuclear_testing/news
id_92000/92873.stm http//news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/
english/world/south_asia/newsid_102000/102201.stm
Former Soviet Union