Lincoln, Johnson and Congress

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RECONSTRUCTION

• Lincoln, Johnson and Congress
• Chap 12

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Lee Surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse

• This ends the war.
• Then the nation begins to focus on how to rebuild
  the nation.
• RECONSTRUCTION
• The period during which the U.S. began to rebuild
  following the Civil War.
• 1865-1877.

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Lincolns 10 Plan

• He thought only individuals , not states had
  rebelled and he as President can pardon
  individuals.
• He saw reconstruction as his responsibility.
• Congress disagreed
• His plan was given in the

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The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

• Lincoln felt Confederate states had never left
  the union.
• Southern whites would take an oath of Loyalty to
  the U.S. and would them be given Amnesty.
• Confederate leaders and officers and anyone
  accused of a war crime against prisoners were
  excluded.
• Once 10 of people who voted in 1860 take the
  oath the state could form a new government.
• New governments had to recognize the freedom of
  the Black people.

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The Radical Republicans Plan

• They wanted to destroy the power of
  slaveholders.
• They wanted African Americans to have full
  citizenship and the right to vote.
• They thought Lincolns plan was to lenient.

• Felt the southern states HAD left the Union and
  should be treated as territories.
• SO THEY PASSED

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The Wade Davis Bill

• A majority of white male citizens had to
• Take an oath AND swear that they never aided the
  Confederacy before a state could form a
  government.
• Excluded soldiers and leaders
• New State constitutions had to abolish slavery.
• Lincoln used a pocket Veto to kill the bill. The
  Radicals in Congress were enraged because. They
  felt they had supreme power over Reconstruction.
• So instead the Congress worked for passage of the
  13th Amendment.

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But then, surprise

• Lincoln was assassinated.
• His Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes
  President.
• But he is from TENNESEE (the South).
• The South Views him as a traitor to his region.
• The Radicals in Congress think he is one of them.

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Johnsons Plan

• Southerners would be pardoned once they took the
  oath of loyalty.
•  
• Confederate Leaders and people with over 20,000
  needed to get special pardons.
•  
• Confederate States could hold elections and write
  new constitutions immediately.
• Each State had to ratify the 13th Amendment
• Each State had to refuse the Confederate debt.
• He supported the idea or states rights, but
  opposed vote for black people saying the white
  man alone must manage the South.

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The New Congress

• He now felt Reconstruction was complete.
• The Radicals were infuriated.
• Congress refused to admit the new legislators.
• Built up the Freedmens Bureau to help slaves in
  the South.

• In Dec. 1865 the new Southern reps had returned
  to Congress.
• 58 were congressmen in the Confederacy.
• 6 were cabinet members to Jefferson Davis.
• 4 were Confederate Generals.
• Johnson had pardoned them all.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Gave former slave citizenship and banned Black
  Codes.
•  
• Johnson vetoed it and the Freedmans Bureau too.
• Radical and moderate Republicans in Congress
  voted to override the veto, making it law. (1st
  time ever on a major bill)
• This begins an Era called Congressional
  Reconstruction.
• They also drew up the 14th amendment.

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The 14th Amendment

• All persons born or naturalized in the United
  States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
  are citizens of the United States and of the
  State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
  enforce any law which shall abridge the
  privileges or immunities of citizens of the
  United States nor shall any State deprive any
  person of life, liberty, or property, without due
  process of law nor deny to any person within its
  jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
• It also kept some former leaders out of Congress.
  Johnson advised southern states to reject it and
  they did.
• It was not ratified until 1868.

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1866 Congressional Elections

• Elections were seen as a measure of support for
  Johnson.
• Johnsons tour and behavior.
• Republicans get a 2/3 majority in Congress. Now
  they can override any vetoes by Johnson.

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The Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Divided the South into 5 military districts.
• States could rejoin the Union if
• They ratified the 14th Amendment.
• They allowed African American men to vote.
• Johnson vetoed it saying it was unconstitutional.
• Congress overrode the veto

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Johnson is Impeached

• Congress looked for a reason to impeach him.
• The impeached him over his firing of Edwin
  Stanton, Secretary of War.
• He avoided being removed from office by one vote.

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Grant is Elected - 1868

• The Black vote in the South was the deciding
  factor.
• Afterwards Republicans pushed for the 15th
  Amendment.

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The 15th Amendment

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.

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State Of the Southern Economy
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
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Political Advances for Black People
Effects on Black families
Gaining the vote
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Hiram Revels

• 1st African-American Senator.
• Served from Feb. 1870 to March 1871.
• Went on to serve as President of Alcorn
  University

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Sharecropping
Tenant Farmers
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Ku Klux Klan

• Goal To restore White Supremacy to the South.
• Used violence to create terror and intimidation
  in order to restore Democrats to power in the
  South.
• Congress passed the Enforcement acts to stop them
  but
• They died out mainly because they had achieved
  their goals.

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Scandals Hurt Grant

• A series of scandals hurt Grant.
• He supported close advisors who turned out to be
  guilty of taking bribes.
• He did not run for re-election in 1876.

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Panic of 1873
Supreme Court Weakens Civil Rights
Redemption 1869-1875
The Election of 1876
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The Election was close and no one had a majority
of electoral votes.

• Rs and Ds struck a deal.
• Hayes became President but
• All federal troops left the South
• A southerner was named to the cabinet
• Leads to Home Rule in the South and marks the end
  of Reconstruction.