Georgia in the Depression and War

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Unit 13

• Georgia in the Depression and War

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The Great Depression (Intro)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Black Tuesday outside Wall Street

• The Stock Market Crash
• Black Tuesday
• 1929
• Variety of economic factors
• Agriculture and industry declined
• Banks foreclosed (Loans going unpaid)
• Unemployment rose
• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) created
  a plan called The New Deal which began our
  climb out of the Depression.
• This along with our eventual involvement in World
  War II got our industry and agriculture back on
  its feet.

3
Georgia in the Twenties

• Radios in Homes
• WSB The voice of the South
• Automobiles
• Gasoline stations and garages
• Motels
• Motor hotels for the traveler
• Education
• Money being brought into the schools for equip
• Medicine
• Diseases (typhoid, measles, ) being wiped out
  due to discovery of cures and vaccines

Click above for their Homepage
4
Georgia in the Twenties II

• Homes had electricity and appliances
• People spent freely on goods and services
• Flappers young women who boldly displayed their
  independent spirit
• The Charleston (Dance)
• Jazz music
• Organized crime rose due to Prohibition
• I.e.Scarface Al Capone, Jack Legs Diamond,
  and Frank The Enforcer Nitti
• Speakeasy a nightclub that served alcohol in tea
  cups

Click for Website
Flappers
Al Capone
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Human Accomplishments
Charles Lindbergh by the Spirit of St. Louis
Babe Ruth

• Gertrude Ederle swam the English Channel
• Babe Ruth baseball hero for the NY Yankees
• Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean
  from New York to Paris, France.
• Plane was called The Spirit of St. Louis

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Georgia Agricultural Hardships

• Boll Weevil small, grayish, long-snouted beetle
  many Georgia farmers cotton crops.
• Came from Mexico
• Beetles hatch in the cotton flower (boll)where
  the flower develops into fibers.
• 1925 Drought
• An extended period of extreme dryness due to a
  lack of rain.

Boll Weevil
Damage to cotton plant by the Boll Weevil
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Georgians during the Great Depression

• Drop in farmers income
• Unemployment
• Trouble meeting everyday needs
• Children without shoes, proper clothing, and
  education
• Starvation
• Health Care and public services suffered

Click Picture to See photo essay
8
The Great Depression

• By March of 1929, banks were closing and
  factories were laying off workers
• Farmers were unable to pay off debts
• Factories were producing more than they were
  selling
• Workers were being laid offunable to pay debts
• Banks were failing and closing as people wanted
  their moneybanks were not getting paid for their
  loans therefore they could not give people their
  money.
• A fierce circle that was spinning out of control.

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The Stock Market Crash
The floor of the NYSE

• Stock Market (Exchange) a place where shares in
  corporations are bought and sold through an
  organized system.
• People had invested in the market with borrowed
  money when the crash occurs they could not pay
  back their debts to the banks.
• October 24, 1929-Stock Market Crashes (Black
  Tuesday)
• Thousands of stock holders lost money
• I.e.. Montgomery Ward Pre-crash price was
  138/share, after 4/share
• I.e.. General Motors 78/share, 8/share

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President Herbert Hoover

• First President to use the power of the
  government to help the economy recover.
• Attempted to buy cotton to stimulate agriculture
• Loaned federal money to needy businesses
• Public works projects
• i.e.. Post offices, parks, courthouses
• Provided wheat, cotton, and flour to needy
• Hoovervilles where homeless and unemployed found
  themselves living during Great Depression.
• Relief money and goods given to people in
  special need
• i.e.. Red Cross, Salvation Army, Federal Govt

President Herbert Hoover
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for
  the American people.
• 4 term President beginning in 1932.
• Defeated Herbert Hoover
• Struck with polio in 1921 (Wore leg braces and
  used a wheel chair)
• Spent many summers during his presidency at The
  Little White House in Warm Springs, GA
• His first action was to gather together a group
  of advisors from all over the country who helped
  him plan a way to deal with the Depression
• THE NEW DEAL!

Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Little White House, Warm Springs, GA
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THE NEW DEAL

• A series of laws and programs that were designed
  to help get the United States out of The Great
  Depression.
• First he ordered all banks closed until
  government inspectors could examine them
• Government loaned money to the weaker banks
• To increase farm prices, the government asked
  farmers to cut back on production

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New Deal Programs

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) provided price
  supports (Higher guaranteed prices) to farmers
  who agreed to cut back crops
• Ruled unconstitutional by Supreme Court in U.S.
  v. Butler (1936)
• National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) allowed
  manufacturers to regulate themselves by cutting
  production.
• Reduce hours of operation
• Promised 40-hour work week
• Minimum wage least amount an employer can pay an
  employee
• Permitted workers to unionize
• Stretch Out workers had to tend to more machines
  or do more work in less amount of time.

Assembly Line Stretching Out
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New Deal Programs II

• August 1934 textile mill workers began a strike
  (walked off the job) to protest working
  conditions, hours, and money.
• Wagner Act of 1935 guaranteed workers the right
  of collective bargaining
• Discussions between a union and the employer to
  determine such things as working conditions and
  employees wages, hours, and benefits.
• Outlawed unfair labor practicesfiring of union
  organizers.

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The New Deal and Georgia

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA-1933)
• Social improvement project
• Tennessee River Valley stretched through 7 states
• Built dams on the river to provide cheap
  electricity, improve navigation, attract
  industry, control flooding, improve farming, and
  create recreation.
• Conservation management of a natural resource to
  prevent its destruction.
• Rural Electrification Authority (REA)
• Helped farmers extend power lines and buy power
  wholesale
• One of the most important and far reaching of the
  New Deal programs
• Farmers could now have electric water pumps,
  lights, milking machines, and appliances

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Blacks and The New Deal

• The black community did not make major gains
  under The New Deal reformsas many of the
  projects unintentionally left out lower income
  tenant workers.
• Commission on Inter-racial Cooperation (CIC)
• Worked to ensure the equal administration of
  federal relief efforts
• 1944 the Commission became known as the Southern
  Regional Council (SRC) which goes on to play a
  major role in the Civil Rights Movement of the
  60s

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New Deal Programs III

• Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) gave money
  to the states to provide jobs, food, and clothes
  to the unemployed.
• Public Works Administration (PWA) built public
  projects to help the economy recover
• i.e. built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) provided
  jobs for workers as quickly as possible
• i.e.. airports, libraries, post offices,
  parksartists, musicians, and actors helped
  beautify towns and cities
• Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC)
• Army operated
• Established camps for the unemployed young men
  just out of high school
• Paid a monthly wage (30) to work on
  environmental projects

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New Deal Programs IV

• National Youth Administration (NYA) paid college
  students to grade papers and do office related
  work
• Social Security Act (1935) set up a system of
  pensions for elderly, unemployed, and people with
  disabilities.
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
  insured savings accounts in banks approved by the
  federal govt.
• Security Exchange Act of 1934 bill created to
  eliminate stock market abuses.
• i.e.. insider trading and buying stock with
  borrowed money.

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Richard Russell, Jr.

• Governor of Georgia (1931)
• Reduced number of state boards from 102 to 18
• Created the University System of Georgia Board of
  Regents
• Hughes Spalding 1st chairman
• Became U.S. Senator in 1932
• Favored a National military preparedness
• Infrastructure water, sewer, gas, electric,
  roads, sidewalks,

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Eugene Talmadge

• Governor of GA-1933
• Conservative white separatist
• Did not like federal govt intervention
• i.e....relief efforts, public welfare, federal
  assistance programs
• Reduced taxes and used federal relief money to
  build highways instead of helping needy
• Refused to follow New Deal programs
• Federal govt steps in (1934)
• Called in National Guard to arrest strikers of
  the textile industry.

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Eurith Rivers

• Governor of Georgia (1937-1941)
• Supported FDRs New Deal Program
• Health services, old age pensions, teacher pay
  raises, 7-month school year, and expansion of
  highway system
• Expanded electrical services to rural areas
• Public housing programs
• Much of his staff was charged with corruption and
  illegal practices

22
Ellis Arnall

• Georgia Governor in 1943
• 1st GA governor to serve a 4-year term
• Removed the universities and prisons from the
  political influences of the governors office
• Abolished (done away with) the poll tax
• New state constitution adopted in 1945
• Granted 18 year olds the right to vote (1st state
  to do so)
• Old enough to fight, old enough to vote

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CREDITS

• Page 2 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_C
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• Page 2 http//www.whitehouse.gov/history/presiden
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• Page 3 http//wsbradio.com/
• Page 4 http//www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/
• Page 4 http//www.chicagohs.org/history/capone.ht
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• Page 6 http//www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4T
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• Page 7 http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/depressio
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