Energy, Matter, and Macromolecules

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Energy, Matter, and Macromolecules

• Robbie Graham
• Jonah Hankins
• Chris Stevens

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Thermodynamics

• Law 1 Matter and energy cannot be created nor
  destroyed
• Law 2 All matter tends towards entropy. Energy
  must be constant in order for an ecosystem to
  survive.
• Energy the ability do work

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Organic and Inorganic

• Organic compounds must follow three basic
  guidelines
• Long chain of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Must be alive
• Make up macromolecules
• Inorganic compounds are anything that dont
  follow one or more of these guidelines.

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Organic and Inorganic molecules

• Examples organic
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Phospholipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Adenine Triphosphate

• Examples Inorganic
• Water
• Salt
• Minerals

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Food and Nutrients

• Food chemicals that organisms break down in
  order to gain energy
• Nutrient a substance that benefits organisms in
  four ways
• Provide energy
• Promotes growth
• Repairs tissue
• Regulates metabolism

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ATOMS

• All matter (EVERYTHING) is made of atoms.
• Atom the smallest particle of an element that
  still retains all of that elements properties
• Protons () and neutrons (n) in the nucleus
  (Nucleus AM)
• Protons AN
• Electrons (-) in the electron cloud surrounding
  nucleus
• Elements Unique form of matter, containing only
  one kind of atoms.
• Unique atom
• Isotopes atoms of the same element of different
  atomic masses

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Molecules Compounds

• Molecule The smallest particle of an element (or
  compound) that still retains the chemical and
  physical properties of that element
• Contains two or more atoms
• Compound a molecule that contains 2 or more
  different atoms
• Compounds are molecules, molecules are not
  compounds

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Chemical Bonds

• Ionic when atoms lose or gain an electron to get
  a valence of 8 electrons
• Weak bonds
• Cation , Anion -
• Ex NaCl-
• Covalent the sharing of electrons to get a
  valence of 8
• Strong bonds
• Ex Carbohydrates (CHO)

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Chemistry

• Synthesis reaction vs. decomposition reaction
• Forms new molecule, breaks down molecule
• Ionic bonds
• Ions travel through the body and act as batteries
  
• Free radical
• Water solutions
• Makes reactions occur
• Creates pH
• Hydrogen ion (H) Acids
• Hydroxide ion (OH-) Bases

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Macromolecules

• Carbon has a valence of 4, which means it wants
  to create a very strong covalent bond.
• Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates (CHO)
• Lipids (CHO)
• Proteins (CHON S)
• Nucleic (CHONP)

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Carbohydrates

• Major energy source
• Basic food for life
• Carbs are made up of subunits called saccharides
• End in the suffix -ose
• Three types of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide and Disaccharides (Simple sugars)
• Polysaccharides (Complex sugars)
• Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

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Examples Carbohydrates
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Lipids

• Fats, oils, steroids, cholesterols
• Four necessities
• Build and support membranes
• Maintain body heat
• Maintain energy reserve
• Build brain cells and nerve tissue
• Membranes tissues that cover body cavities and
  structures (skin, cell wall, organs, vessels)

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Lipids Triglycerides

• Triglycerides are the building blocks of lipids.
• Triglycerides are the most common fat in the
  human diet.
• Made of glycerol, 3-C sugar, fatty acids
• Fatty acids is a hydrocarbon chain with little
  oxygen that connects with a acid group at the end
• Carboxyl group
• Saturated vs. unsaturated

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Fatty Acids
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Phospholipids

• Make up cell membranes
• Hydrophilic head (phosphorous)
• Hydrophobic tail (lipid)

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Proteins

• Large molecules required for the body cells to
  function and grow
• Make up enzymes (catalysts) that speed up cell
  reactions
• Most fundamental macromolecule

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Amino Acids

• Building blocks of proteins
• 20 amino acids
• Plants can make all 20, but 9 are essential for
  humans
• Peptides amino acid bonds
• Most are long chains, but some consist of only
  one peptide.

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Amino Acids
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Nucleic Acids

• Molecules that contain the genetic code.
• DNA and RNA
• Subunits nucleotides
• Nucleotides are 3 molecules
• DNA nitrogen base, deoxyribose, phosphate
• RNA nitrogen base, ribose, phosphate
• ATP similar to nucleic acid, but with 3
  phosphates
• bite-sized energy

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Nucleic Acids
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Biochemical Cycles

• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus

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Water Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle
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CHONP Importance

• Carbon
• Backbone of all organisms
• Creates carbohydrates
• Hydrogen
• Works as an electron-carrying atom
• Protons generate ATP
• Oxygen
• Respiration
• Breaks down molecules

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CHONP Importance

• Nitrogen
• Growth and development
• Nucleic acids
• Phosphorous
• Creates ATP for energy use
• Phospholipids

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Reservoir

• Large pools of potential and kinetic energy and
  matter.
• BIOTIC vs. ABIOTIC
• Abiotic factors non-living, but affect the
  ecosystem
• Biotic living factors, or factors that affect
  the environment in a biological way

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Reservoir Importance to

• Water Cycle
• Oceans water is evaporated (purification)
• Rocks stores water
• Animals drink water
• Plants absorb water
• Bacteria transpiration

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Reservoir Importance to

• Carbon Cycle
• Oceans home of animals
• Rocks carbon in solid form
• Animals eat plants and get carbon
• Plants absorb carbon through stomata
• Bacteria decomposition

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Reservoir Importance to

• Nitrogen Cycle
• Oceans home of organisms
• Rocks soil that receives N
• Animals animals eat plants and get N
• Plants absorb N through roots
• Bacteria fix nitrogen from atmosphere (NO2 -
  N2O), also decompose dead animals/plants

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Reservoir Importance to

• Phosphorous Cycle
• Oceans store minerals
• Rocks soil
• Animals eat plants
• Plants absorb P from soil
• Bacteria decompose dead organisms and return P
  back to the earth/ocean

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CITATIONS

• http//www.bestanimations.com
• Mr. Kestlers PPt lectures
• Energy, Matter, and Life
• Biochemical cycles
• The macromolecules
• Matter/Chemistry
• Robbies CHONP worksheet and test