N Africa

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NORTH AFRICA SOUTHWEST ASIA I (Chapter 7, pages
228-239)
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Regions of the Realm
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Major Geographical Qualities

• World crossroads
• Physical
• Aridity
• Oil
• Cultural
• Culture hearths
• World religions
• Conflict

• Population Discontinuous clusters around
  infrequent water sources
• Regional Imbalances Oil and non-oil states
  (haves versus have-nots)
• Political Geography Fragmented due to colonial
  experience

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The Dry World?

• Dry/arid climate prevails throughout the realm
• Exceptions
• Peripheral regions of Turkey
• Northwestern Iran
• Oases
• Several great river valleys, e.g. the Nile

Naming the Realm
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Annual Precipitation
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Negev Desert
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Water - A Renewable or Finite
Resource?

• Water is critical for life, food production, and
  industrial processes.
• Nine out of 14 Southwest Asian states face
  water-short conditions. This is the most
  concentrated region of water scarcity in the
  world.
• Growing populations increase stress on water
  sources North Africa/Southwest Asia averages a
  natural increase of 1.8

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Population Distribution

• The majority of the population in this realm
  lives not in the dry or arid regions, but around
  water resources such as the
• Nile River
• Mediterranean Sea
• Euphrates and Tigris Basin (early Hydraulic
  Civilizations emerged here)
• Lower mountain slopes of Iran, south of the
  Caspian Sea

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An Arab Realm?

• Relates to ethnicity and language as cultural
  features of this realm
• Arabic is the dominant language in 16 states of
  the realm ethnic Arabs are dominant in 2 of the
  16
• In non-Arab States, indigenous or colonial
  languages dominate
• Turkey - Turkish
• Iran - Farsi
• Israel - Hebrew
• Niger - French
• Kazakhstan - Kazakh

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Basic Tenets of Islam

• Muhammad (571632 A.D.) is the final and greatest
  prophet
• Quran (Koran) is the holy book
• Five Pillars of Faith
• 1 The Shahada, also spelled shahadah, (Arabic
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  (helpinfo) from the verb ahida "to testify") is
  the Islamic creed. The Shahada is the Muslim
  declaration of belief in the oneness of God and
  acceptance of Muhammad as his prophet.
• 2 Frequent prayer face the holy city of Mecca (5
  times per day)
• 3 Most holy of all celebrations is Ramadan, a
  month of daytime fasting no food or water during
  daylight hours for the month culminated with the
  Feast usually occurs in Nov. Dec. dates are
  set by the lunar calendar (as are Jewish,
  Chinese, and Hindu holidays) which is 11 days
  shorter (than the Gregorian calendar used in the
  western world) so the dates vary by year.
• 3 Alms-giving to the poor
• 4 Lifetime goal is a pilgrimage to the Hajj in
  Mecca, the most sacred place

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Islamic Realm?

• This region is birthplace of the three major
  monotheistic religions of the world
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Islam is the dominant religion
• The Jewish faith dominates in Israel, with
  minorities in other states
• Significant Christian minorities (Lebanon,
  Israel, Egypt, Syria, elsewhere)

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World Religions
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Religions by Size

• Christianity 2.1 billion
• Islam 1.5 billion
• Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist 1.1
  billion
• Hinduism 900 million
• Chinese traditional religion 394 million
• Buddhism 376 million
• primal-indigenous 300 million
• African Traditional Diasporic 100 million
• Sikhism 23 million
• Juche 19 million
• Spiritism 15 million
• Judaism 14 million
• Baha'i 7 million
• Jainism 4.2 million
• Shinto 4 million
• Cao Dai 4 million
• Zoroastrianism 2.6 million
• Tenrikyo 2 million
• Neo-Paganism 1 million

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Middle East
Sunni 85
North Africa
Shia
Indonesia
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Iraqi people are divided amongst the Sunnis
Shia
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Muslim Rule
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Settlement, Colonization, and Diffusion of
Religion
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Diffusion of Muslim Religion, 630-1600 AD from
the Holy City of Mecca
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Spatial Diffusion

• The process by which a concept, practice, or
  substance spreads from its point of origin to new
  territories
• Types
• Expansion diffusion
• Contagious diffusion to next available person
• Hierarchical diffusion from larger to smaller
  places
• Relocation diffusion by migrating populations

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Divisions within Islam

• Sunnis versus Shiites
• Split over issue of successor to Muhammad
• 85 of Muslims are Sunni
• Shiites are dominant in
• Iran
• Iraq
• Azerbaijan
• Religious revivalism
• Iranian revolution (1979)
• Wahhabism (Saudi Arabia)
• Al Qaeda and Usama Bin Laden

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Islam and Other Faiths

• Submersion of Judaism and Christianity in the
  Levant (eastern Mediterranean shore)
• Crusades Christian attempt to recapture Holy
  Land
• Israel and Arab neighbors
• Ottoman Empire and aftermath

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Ottoman Empire
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The Maghreb dominated by the Atlas Mountains,
fertile coastline (The Tell) and rain shadow
effect

• Morocco last of the North African kingdoms
• Algeria a secular republic with
  religious-political problems
• Tunisia smallest and most Westernized of the
  Maghreb countries
• Libya oil-rich desert state with a coastal
  orientation

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The Maghreb and Its Neighbors
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Maghreb Saharan Neighbors

• Mauritania Large, sparsely populated, most
  Islamized
• Mali Dependent on water of upper Niger River
• Niger Among worlds least urbanized countries
• Chad Strongest split between Muslim north and
  animist/Christian south

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• Egypt, Sudan, and the
• Lower Nile Basin
• Continuous civilization gt 5,000 years
• 95 of Egypt's 76.4 million people live within 20
  km (12 miles) of the Nile
• Irrigation
• Basin
• Perennial (mid-1800s)
• Aswan High Dam (1968)
• Increased agricultural output by 50
• Provides 40 of Egypts electricity
• Environmental issue

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Sudan

• Confluence of White and Blue Nile
• North-south split
• North Arabized, Muslim
• South African, Christianized
• Oil in the desert
• Darfur

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•   The ongoing genocide in the Darfur region of
  western Sudan began in 2003, when the government
  of Sudan began sponsoring attacks against the
  people of Darfur.
•          The genocide has claimed 400,000 lives
  and displaced over 2,500,000 people. More than
  one hundred people continue to die each day.
•          About the size of Texas, the Darfur
  region is home to racially mixed tribes of
  settled peasants, who identify as African, and
  nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The
  majority of people in both groups are Muslim.

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The War in Darfur, 2003

• is a conflict in the Darfur region of western
  Sudan where the current lines of conflict are
  seen to be ethnic and tribal, rather than
  religious. One side of the armed conflict is
  composed mainly of the Sudanese military and the
  Janjaweed, a militia group recruited mostly from
  the Arab Abbala tribes of the northern Rizeigat,
  camel-herding nomads.
• The other side comprises a variety of rebel
  groups, notably the Sudan Liberation Movement and
  the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited
  primarily from the land-tilling non-Arab Fur,
  Zaghawa, and Massaleit ethnic groups.
• The Sudanese government, while publicly denying
  that it supports the Janjaweed, has provided
  money and assistance to the militia and has
  participated in joint attacks targeting the
  tribes from which the rebels draw support.

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Causes

• The combination of decades of drought,
  desertification, and overpopulation are among the
  causes of the Darfur conflict, because the
  Baggara nomads searching for water have to take
  their livestock further south, to land mainly
  occupied by Black African farming communities.4
• There are many casualty estimates most concurring
  on a range within the hundreds of thousands of
  people.
• The United Nations estimates that the conflict
  has left as many as 500,000 dead from violence
  and disease.5
• The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  estimates that 100,000 have died each year
  because of government attacks. Most
  non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to
  more than 500,000 the latter is a figure from
  the Coalition for International Justice.6
• As many as 2.5 million are thought to have been
  displaced as of October 2006.7

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Genocide

• is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in
  whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial,
  religious, or national group.
• It first occurred in 1944 in Germany with the
  Holocaust against Jews, GLBT, and other German
  minorities.

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Refugee camp in Chad
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Destroyed villages
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Israel

• Arab Israeli conflicts
• 1956 Suez War
• 1967 Six-day War Israel gains control of
• Gaza Strip from Egypt
• Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
• West Bank of the Jordan River from Jordan
• East sector of Jerusalem from Jordan
• Golan Heights from Syria
• 1973 Yom Kippur War

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Israel

• UN partition plan for Palestine
• Division into Jewish and Arab areas
• Proclamation of Israeli independence (May 14,
  1948)
• 1948 Arab invasion (war of independence)
• Egyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, and Syrian forces
• Israel seizes more land than prescribed under UN
  mandate

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Israel
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Arab-Israeli Conflict

• Palestinians as stateless nation
• West Bank and Jewish settlements
• Golan Heights
• The Security Barrier
• The Gaza Strip (turned over to Palestinian
  Authority)

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• Sacred to Judaism, Christianity, Islam
• Judaism Ancient capital
• Christianity Jesus crucifixion, resurrection
• Islam Ascension of Prophet Muhammad to heaven

The Struggle for Jerusalem
Arab
Jewish
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Middle East
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Iraq

• U.S. invasion and overthrow of Sunni Muslim
  regime of Saddam Hussein (2003)
• Regions of Iraq
• Sunni
• Northwest
• Sunni Triangle (center)
• Shiite (oilfields)
• Kurdish (oilfields)

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Kurds
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Who Are the Kurds?

• The Kurds are a non-Arabic people who speak a
  language related to Persian. Most adhere to the
  Sunni Muslim faith.
• A largely Sunni Muslim people with their own
  language and culture (mostly Iranian), most Kurds
  live in the generally contiguous areas of Turkey,
  Iraq, Iran, Armenia and Syria a mountainous
  region of southwest Asia generally known as
  Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds").
• 15 million to 20 million Kurds live in a
  mountainous area straddling the borders of
  Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. About 8
  million live in southeastern Turkey.

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Kurds
Sunni
Shia
Kurds
Mixed
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Kurds
Sunni
Shia
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Turkey

• Ottoman Empire ended 1923
• Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
• Father of modern Turkey
• Moved capital from Constantinople to Ankara
• Westernized Turkey and broke with the Arab world
• Turkey and its contentious neighbors
• Armenians
• Kurds
• Cyprus
• Membership in European Union?
• Diversified economy
• Turkish migrants in Europe
• Extension of Europe to Southwest Asia?
• Turkish human rights record?

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Middle East

• Syria
• Minority rule by Alawites
• Sufficient rainfall for non-irrigated farming
• Jordan
• Palestinian refugees
• Loss of West Bank (1967)
• Lebanon
• Religious and ethnic strife
• Conflicts with neighbors

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Turkey
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The Impact of Oil

• High incomes
• Modernization
• Industrialization
• Intra-realm migration
• Inter-realm migration
• Regional disparities
• Foreign investment

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Oil and Natural Gas Reserves
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Arabian Peninsula
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Arabian Peninsula

• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab
  Emirates, Oman, Yemen
• Old-style sheikdoms
• Oil wealth
• Modern-looking emirates
• Site of Islams origins

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Saudi Arabia

• One-quarter of worlds liquid oil reserves
• Most economic activity from Dhahran across Riyadh
  to Mecca and Medina
• Political ties with U.S. and unanswered political
  opposition
• Regional disparities
• Oil-based boom in east
• Efforts to relieve disparities hampered by lack
  of water

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Saudi Arabias Neighbors

• Kingdoms
• Kuwait invasion by Iraq (1990)
• Bahrain Oil dwindling, building banking center
• Qatar Oil dwindling, tapping natural gas
• United Arab Emirates federation of 7 emirates,
  each under a sheik
• Oman Faces choke point of Strait of Hormuz
• Yemen Faces choke point of Bab el Mandeb Strait

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Dubai, Capital of UAE
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Jerusalem is a city divided with a wall to
segregate the Protestants, Muslims, and Jews.
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The Empire States

• Turkey and Iran
• Imperial heritage
• Arab ethnicity gives way but Islamic culture
  continues
• High mountains and plateaus vs. rocky and sandy
  desert

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Iran

• A country of mountains and deserts
• Central plateau
• Vulnerability to earthquakes
• Nomadism
• Population of 72 million 67 urbanized
• Oil reserves providing 90 of national income
• 1980-1990 war with Iraq
• Continued modern versus traditional conflict
• Nuclear power?

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Iran
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Former Soviet Republics

• Turkmenistan
• Garagum (Kara Kum) canal project to bring water
  from mountains to east
• Oil resourcesbut difficult to export
• Kyrgystan
• Irregular boundaries, with enclaves and exclaves
• Mountainous topography
• Tajikistan
• Mountainous topography
• Regional disunity

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Turkestan

• Former Soviet Republics
• Kazakhstan
• Uzbekistan
• Turkmenistan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Tajikistan
• Afghanistan

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Former Soviet Republics

• Soviet attempts to stamp out Islam
• Revival of Islam since Soviet Union fell
• Kazakhstan
• Largest
• Most Russifiedpart of Soviet Unions Eastern
  Frontier
• Uzbekistan
• Most populous state in region
• Environmental problem with shrinking Aral Sea

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Dome of the Rock
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The Western Wall
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Church of the Nativity
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