South Africa

1
South Africa
2
South Africa

• San were original people were hunter-gatherers.
• No collective name for themselves.
• San Sanqua. A name given to hunters by the
  Khoekhoen herders of the Cape.
• Means 'people different from ourselves' and was
  associated with those without livestock, or
  people who stole livestock.
• Name 'Bushman' given to low status people by
  Dutch settlers in the 1600's
• Referred to those who collected their food off
  the land and had no domestic animals.

3
South Africa

• Khoekhoen Khoikhoi. A general name which
  herding people of the Cape used for themselves.
• Word means 'the real people' or 'we people with
  domestic animals' as opposed to Sanqua or Bushmen
  who had none.
• Inhabited coast of Cape of Good Hope first
  native people to come into contact with the Dutch
  settlers.
• As the Dutch took over land for farms, the
  Khoikhoi (often called Hottentots) were
  dispossessed, exterminated, or enslaved, and
  their numbers dwindled.

4
South Africa

• Khoesaan Khoisan is a general term which
  linguists use for the click language of southern
  Africa.
• Physical anthropologists use it as a biological
  term to distinguish aboriginal people of southern
  Africa from their black African farming
  neighbours.
• In language and physical type Khoikhoi appear to
  be related to San.
• Languages include numerous clicks and they are
  generally much lighter in complexion than the
  neighboring Bantu.

5
South Africa

• During the 1st millennium AD, Bantu speaking
  agriculturalists arrived.
• Were the ancestors of today's main South African
  Bantu language groups Nguni (Xhosa, Zulu,
  Ndebele) and Sotho (Tswana). Tsonga and Venda are
  smaller groups.

6
South Africa

• Their arrival pushed the Khoi-San hunters and
  herders into marginal areas.
• By 1500 AD, Nguni speaking peoples occupied most
  of the eastern coast.

7
South Africa

• In 1652 Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India
  Company arrived at the Cape of Good Hope.
• Base station was established at Cape Town to
  supply the companys ships with foodstuffs on the
  long journey to Asia.

8
South Africa

• In the 18th century Dutch settlers, who called
  themselves Boers, began expanding toward the
  north and east.
• Believed they were predestined by God to claim
  this land.
• Gradually began pushing onto the interior.

9
South Africa

• British gained possession of Cape Colony in 1815
  abolished slavery in 1833.
• Boers felt British policy destroyed their
  traditional social order, based on racial
  separation,
• Also believed it would undermine white
  predominance, which they saw as God's own will.
• British intrusion precipitated the Great Trek.
• Starting in 1835 10,000 Boers (voortrekkers)
  moved northeast into interior and ultimately
  established Orange Free State and Transvaal.

10
South Africa

• At time of white settlement of the Cape, Xhosa
  groups were living far inland.
• Since around 1770, they had been confronted with
  the Trek Boers or Voortrekkers who approached
  from the west.
• Both Boers and Xhosa were stock-farmers. The
  competition for grazing land led first to
  quarrels between the two groups, and eventually
  it came to a number of wars.
• In the middle of the 19th century, all land
  formerly inhabited by Xhosa was in the hands of
  white settlers.

11
South Africa

• Towards the end of 18th century, all over
  southern Africa small tribal groups were
  amalgamating into larger communities.
• Not a peaceful process, but result of protracted
  wars.
• Rise of Zulu Kingdom falls into this period.
• Through incredible atrocities and cruelties Zulu
  warrior Shaka gained control over a number of
  Zulu clans.
• Expanded his territory systematically as his
  warriors raided Zulu villages and burnt them
  down. Women and children gored to death young
  men called up and chiefs tortured and forced into
  allegiance.

12
South Africa

• Voortrekkers failed to negotiate with Zulus
  secession of land for settling and grazing.
• They had endured a number of catastrophic
  assaults.
• Assembled at the Ncome River for a decisive
  battle on December 16, 1838.
• 464 Boers under command of Andries Pretorius
  defeated 10,000 Zulu warriors.
• Became known as the Battle of Blood River.

13
South Africa

• Boers did not ascribe military victory to
  technically superior armaments interpreted it
  instead as a sign from God.
• Before battle, they prayed and made a vow that if
  God would grant them victory over Zulus, they
  would commemorate the event annually.
• Afterward they believed even more strongly that
  white predominance over blacks is God's own will.

Voortrekker Monument, outside Pretoria
14
South Africa

• Port Natal (later re-named Durban) was a frequent
  port-of-call for sailors and merchants and in
  1823 a settlement started to develop.
• Zulus regarded Natal as their territory
  tolerated white settlers, because port was useful
  as a trading post.
• When Voortrekkers came to Natal in 1836 fierce
  battles with Zulus occurred.
• Short-lived peace after Zulu defeat at Battle of
  Blood River in 1838.
• Soon British and Voortrekkers battled for Natal.
• Ultimately, the British prevailed and in 1844,
  Natal became a Crown Colony the Voortrekkers
  retreated.

15
South Africa

• In 1879, the British laid claims on the whole of
  Zululand and gave the Zulu King an ultimatum.
• In resulting Anglo-Zulu War, British initially
  suffered a high number of casualties 2000
  British soldiers died in one at battle when
  20,000 Zulu soldiers overran the British army
  camp.
• Zulu victory initially shocked the British
  however, England decided to send more troops and
  Anglo-Zulu War continued with heavy loss of
  lives.
• Finally ended in victory for the British in 1887.
• KwaZulu was annexed by Natal Colony.

16
South Africa

• After Voortrekkers were defeated by British in
  Natal in 1842, the Great Trek moved further
  northeast.
• First, formed the independent Transvaal to north
  this later become the South African Republic.
• In 1854, the Orange Free State was created.
• British favored amalgamating their own colonies
  and Boer Republics into one union, with the
  primary purpose of gaining possession of the
  Transvaal gold mines.

17
South Africa

• Orange Free State formed an alliance with the
  South African Republic (Transvaal).
• On February 11, 1899 a war broke out between two
  Boer Republics and two British colonies of Cape
  and Natal.
• Began bloody Anglo-Boer War lasted 3 years.

18
South Africa

• 52,000 Boer soldiers fighting against 450,000 men
  under British command.
• Boers achieved some successes, but tables turned.
  
• On the May 24, 1900 Orange Free State was
  declared British territory.
• Johannesburg and Pretoria fell on September 1,
  1900.
• Transvaal annexed as British colony.
• Boers started a guerrilla war British responded
  with severely.

19
South Africa

• Boer commandos were hunted systematically fields
  devastated and harvests destroyed.
• Women and children left destitute and homeless
  kept under horrific conditions in concentration
  camps.
• More than 27,000 women and children died from
  famine, exhaustion and disease.
• Eventually Boers realized further resistance
  would be futile.
• On May 31, 1902, both Boer Republics became
  British Crown Colonies.

20
South Africa

• In 1910 formation of Union of South Africa
  occurred by joining of the former British
  colonies of the Cape and Natal, and the Boer
  republics of Transvaal, and Orange Free State.
• Brought independence self-government, but for
  whites only.
• In 1912 the Native National Congress founded was
  later renamed the African Nation Congress.

21
South Africa

• Policy of racial separation introduced in 1910
  through laws that further curtailed the rights of
  the black majority.
• "Mines and Works Act" of 1911 limited black
  workers exclusively to menial work guaranteed
  availability of cheap labour and secured better
  positions for white workers.
• "Native Land Act" of 1913 set aside 7.3 per cent
  of South African territory as reservations for
  black people and barred them from buying land
  outside these areas.

22
South Africa

• Deprived of right to vote or to strike, the black
  population had no means of political influence.
• The African National Congress, and other
  resistance and liberation movements formed
  initially badly organized and minimally
  effective.
• White governments pursued their politics
  virtually without obstruction.
• After World War II conflicts intensified and
  black workers went on a number of strikes.
• Whites became nervous and helped right-wing
  National Party to an overwhelming victory in
  elections of 1948.

23
South Africa

• National Party coined the concept of "apartheid"
  or apartness.
• From then on, official policy called for
  separation of races in all public institutions
  and offices, in public transport and on public
  toilets, racial segregation was introduced.
• Marriage or any relationships between members of
  different racial groups were forbidden.

24
South Africa

• 1950 Group Areas Act segregated blacks whites.
• Created semi-autonomous homelands or
  bantustans Transkei, Ciskei, Venda,
  Bophuthatswana, KwaZulu.
• 70 of population placed on 13 of land.
• Government shed responsibility for problems in
  reservations.
• White government could call its elections free
  and general, because majority of blacks were no
  longer citizens of South Africa.

25
South Africa

• Men were forced to work in cities or mines women
  stayed in homelands.
• Identity passes necessary.
• During 1950s, the ANC policy pursued change
  through non-violence.
• In township of Sharpville on March 21, 1960 South
  African police opened fire on a Pan Africanist
  Conference protest.
• 70 demonstrators were killed by police.

Sharpville, 1960
26
South Africa

• In 1961 the ANC formed Umkhonto We Sizwe Spear
  of the Nation as its military wing.
• In 1964 Nelson Mandela and 7 other ANC leaders
  were sentenced to life in prison for sabotage and
  treason.
• He soon became the symbol of black resistance
  was illegal to display his picture.

Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu at Robbin Island
Prison
27
South Africa

• On June 16, 1976 in Soweto, one of the largest
  black townships in South Africa, 15,000 children
  marched in protest of the new educational policy
  that required black students to learn Afrikaans
  alongside English, the official language.
• Protestors refused to disperse and police fired
  into the crowd, killing 176 and wounding hundreds
  of others.

28
South Africa

• Riots spread across Soweto and other cities, and
  were put down through brutal tactics.
• Riots left more than 600 dead.
• From 1984-89 a state of emergency was declared
  thousands were detained as violence escalated
  through the 1980s.

13 year old Hector Peterson was first victim of
the Soweto uprising
29
South Africa

• During the 1980s the charismatic Anglican bishop,
  Desmond Tutu, rallied western support with a call
  for boycott of South Africa, primarily through
  economic sanctions.
• In 1984 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
  recognition of "the courage and heroism shown by
  black South Africans in their use of peaceful
  methods in the struggle against apartheid".

Desmond Tutu
30
South Africa

• In 1989 Frederick W. de Klerk took over as
  President from P.W. Botha, who had suffered a
  stroke.
• Much more liberal than Botha, de Klerk soon
  openly admitted the failure of apartheid
  policies.
• Important reason for collapse of old regime was
  effects of many years of economic and trade
  embargo.
• Sanctions enacted by many nations led to a
  desolate state for the South African economy.

FW de Klerk
31
South Africa

• In February 1990, de Klerk made historic speech
  in Parliament favored democratic South Africa.
• ANC was unbanned.
• Nelson Mandela was released from prison on Robben
  Island, after 27 years behind bars.
• During secret negotiations ANC and government
  agreed to refrain from violence and work for a
  peaceful transition and a new constitution.

Nelson Mandela
32
South Africa

• Power struggles between Xhosa-dominated ANC and
  Zulu-led Inkatha Freedom Party, resulted in
  township violence.
• Eventually new constitution was drafted in April
  1994, first democratic elections were held.
• ANC gained majority Nelson Mandela inaugurated
  first black African President of South Africa,
  May 10, 1994 .
• F. W. de Klerk, became second Vice-President of
  the Interim Government first Vice-President was
  Thabo Mbeki.

33
South Africa

• In 1996 the South Africa Truth and Reconciliation
  Commission began its work, chaired by Archbishop
  Desmond Tutu
• Hearings on human rights violations committed by
  the former government and liberation movements
  during the apartheid era.
• Commission released its in 1998 called apartheid
  a crime against humanity also found ANC
  accountable for human rights abuses.

34
South Africa

• In 1999 Thabo Mbeki was elected president on ANC
  ticket in 1999 and Nelson Mandela stepped aside.
• Established Nelson Mandela Foundation same year
• Serves as a vehicle for Mandelas continued
  pursuit of the ideals and goals he set while
  serving as South Africas first democratically
  elected leader from 19941999
• http//www.nelsonmandela.org