Africa

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Africa

• Chapter 19

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East Africa
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East Africa
East Africa is known as the cradle of
humanity Why?
Olduvai Gorge, located in Northern Tanzania,
contains the oldest remains of modern human. Now
a dry and inhospitable place, the Olduvai area
once had a lake at least 12 miles in diameter fed
by streams from nearby mountains. Early hominids
apparently preferred to live along the streams
and the lakeshore its near the dry and buried
beaches and stream channels that the most
productive fossil sites have been found. Over
hundreds of thousands of years the lake grew and
shrank, intermittently burying dry land in
aquatic sediments that preserved bones.
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East Africa
East Africa is located next to the Red Sea and
the Indian Ocean as well as include Burundi,
Djibouti, Etitrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda,
Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania and Uganda. Aksum,
found in modern day Ethiopia, was an important
trade center due to its location and easy access
to the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. They traded
with people from Egypt and the Eastern Roman
Empire.
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East Africa
Colonization in East Africa In the quest for
natural resources, the industrialized nations of
Europe looked to East Africa to colonize and
control those parts of Africa in order to
monopolize those natural resources (including
gold and diamonds). Berlin Conference 1884-1885
14 European nations met to divide up Africa.
They neglected to invite any African ruler to
attend, by 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia were
free. The consequence of this conference and the
dividing of the lands with no regards to the
different ethnic or linguistic groups is evident
in many of the political violence and ethnic
conflicts today. Most of East Africa has gained
their independence, but the European colonialist
did not prepare the colonies for independence,
and internal disputes and civil wars are still a
serious problem.
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East Africa

• Due to European colonialism, the economy relies
  mostly on tourism and farming.
• Farming-much of E.A. relies on cash crops such as
  coffee, tea and sugar. This brings in revenue but
  reduces the amount of farmland that could be used
  for growing food. This is changing because more
  people are leaving the farms and heading to the
  cities for more opportunities.
• Tourism- Wildlife parks in Kenya, Uganda and
  Tanzania are famous world-wide.

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East Africa

• Culture-over 160 ethnic groups in E.A. with 2
  major groups
• Masai E.A. ethnic group that live in the
  grasslands in Kenya and Tanzania, they live off
  livestock and farm the land.
• Kikuyu number close to 7 million and have
  shifted from being herders to a variety of jobs.
  They organized a group called the Mau Mau to
  fight the British.

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East Africa

• AIDS Pandemic
• What is a Pandemic?
• HIV vs. AIDS- Those infected with HIV do not
  necessarily have AIDS. Some people can carry HIV
  for years without knowing and therefore AIDS
  statistics can be misleading.
• AIDS Education-AIDS education is increasing, yet
  some govts hide the scope of the disease, most
  doctors in Africa say there are more AIDS cases
  than are actually reported. Studies predict that
  the countries affected the most might have a
  population decline by 10 to 20. That means for
  every 100 people their population could decrease
  by 2.

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Famine in Somalia

• Natural Causes lack of rain resulting in
  drought. Drought affects the amt. Of food grown
  and theres not enough to feed the population.
• Human Causes Somali gunmen looted relief
  shipments and then took payment for protecting
  the relief workers. Delivery of food supplies
  were also influenced by other factors such as
  warring political factions.
• Result Somalians beg for water which was
  delivered by the International Red Cross in 1992.
  Its estimated that between 25 and 50 people died
  per day in 1992. Over 300,000 Somalians died from
  famine and another 30,000 died from civil war.

The 1992 famine in Somalia was exacerbated by
warlord violence and civil strife. The worlds
attention turned to the desperate situation in
Somalia when the United Nations sent in a relief
mission, led by UN and U.S. forces. Chronic
drought and poor harvests combined with
inadequate food distribution are some of the
all-too-familiar elements of famine in
sub-Saharan Africa.
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North Africa
Sahara Panorama
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North Africa

• The Nile River and Egyptians- Egypt is a cultural
  hearth, a place where ideas and innovations come
  together to change a region.
• .

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North Africa
Islam in N.A.- Remains the major cultural and
religious influence in N.A. Islam began to spread
in N.A. through conquest and trade.
Mosque of Sidi Sahab, Tunisia
El Ghriba Synagogue, Tunisia
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North Africa
Black Gold- N.A. began with an agriculture
based economy that has evolved into an economy
based on cash crops and mining. Today their
economy revolves around the oil found in that
region. Libya and Algeria supply the E.U. with
much of its gas and oil. However, unemployment is
still a problem and as a result, tons of N.
Africans have moved to Europe in search of work
United States Oil Imports This chart depicts the
sources of American oil imports. While the United
States gets about 45 of its oil from the Middle
East and North Africa, these regions hold over
two thirds of the oil reserves worldwide.
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North Africa

• Culture
• Souks- are marketplaces which are common in N.A.
  souks not only have food, but musicians,
  storytellers, and fortunetellers to entertain the
  crowds. They are usually located in medinas, some
  of the most well known souks are located in
  Marrakesh, Morocco, where you have to bargain
  fiercely for the lowest price on an item.

Souk in Marrakesh, Morocco
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North Africa
Protest Music- Algeria, home to rai, a type of
music the developed in the 20s by poor urban
children. It is fast paced and contains elements
of popular Western music. Before their
independence in the 60s from France, Algerians
used rai to communicate their resentment towards
the colonizers. The govt tried to ban rai after
they gained their independence, and is
criticized by Islamic fundamentalists for the
Western style qualities. Rai now is used
especially by women as a form of rebellion
against Islamic fundamentalists. Popular Rai
Music of Algeria
Algerian singer-songwriter (b. May 8, 1923,
Tessala, French Algeriad. May 15, 2006, Paris,
France), was called the mother of rai music,
the rebellious fusion of traditional Algerian and
Western popular music. After a childhood of
wandering as a homeless orphan, she joined a
song-and-dance troupe and adopted the
professional name Cheikha (from a descriptive
term applied to female Muslim singers) Rimitti.
Though illiterate, she began composing the first
of hundreds of slang-couched songs, many of which
contrasted the hardships suffered by women and
the working class with the escape offered by sex
and sensuality. Rimitti's song Charag Gatta, in
which she questioned society's emphasis on
virginity, was a hit in 1954, but her songs
outraged conservatives, and in 1962 she was
banned by the Algerian government. Thereafter,
she performed mostly for expatriate Algerians in
France until the 1990s, when the generation of
singers she had influenced brought international
prominence to rai. Rimitti's last concert was in
Paris only two days before her death.
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North Africa

• The changing role of women
• Going from male-centered to more freedoms and
  rights for women.
• In Tunisia, the practice of having more than one
  wife has been abolished and the penalty for
  spousal abuse has been increased. Preteen girls
  are no longer allowed in arranged marriages, any
  party can initiate a divorce, and they require
  equal pay for equal work.

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West Africa
Acrobatic Dance of the Snake Girl
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West Africa

• A History of Rich Trading Empire- W.A. is also a
  cultural hearth and its ideas and practices
  spread to N.A. and Europe.
• Three trading empires- Ghana, Mali and Songhai
  have flourished because of their location on
  trade routes across the Sahara where gold and
  salt were the main items traded.

Ghana grew rich from taxing the traders who
traveled through its territory. Mali had
conquered Ghana, promoted agriculture and
reestablished the gold and salt trade, until the
30s most of the world's gold came from
W.A. Songhai replaced Mali and was later defeated
and- destroyed by an invading Moroccan army.
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West Africa
Stateless Societies-W.A. is home to many
different cultures and peoples who lived in
stateless societies before colonialism. A
stateless society is a society where people rely
on their family lineage to govern themselves
instead of an elected govt or monarch. Members
of stateless societies work through their
problems to cooperate and share power. This type
of system was challenged when colonialists took
over and expected them to have one ruler to
govern the society
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West Africa

• Economic Struggles- trade is still as important
  to W.A. today as it was in the past. Their
  well-being depends on their sale of goods to
  industrialized societies.
• Ghana- their economy is stable and relies mainly
  on the export of gold, diamonds, magnesium and
  bauxite. Its per capita is 2nd highest in W.A.
  but compared to the industrialized world, it is
  very low.

Located near the Gulf of Guinea, Accra is the
capital and largest city of Ghana
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West Africa

• Sierra Leone- home to the worst economic
  conditions in W.A. It used to produce some of the
  worlds most high quality diamonds, but due to
  years of political instability and civil wars,
  the economy is in shreds. The population remains
  largely uneducated, which limits the amount of
  skilled labor and they have a few low number of
  roads and highways.

Residents of Freetown, Sierra Leone, purchase
local produce and products at the King Jimmy
Market on the citys harbor. Freetown, the
capital and largest city of the country, is
situated on one of the best natural harbors in
western Africa. The location led to the citys
founding as a refuge for freed slaves, primarily
from Great Britain, in 1787.
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West Africa

• Culture
• Ashanti- live in Ghana and are known for their
  weaving of asasia or what we call kente cloth.
  It is brightly colored and very recognizable. The
  designed on kente cloth are very important
  because they all have specific meanings, at one
  point, only royalty were allowed to wear kente
  cloth. They also make stools, which symbolize the
  unity of ancestral spirits and living members of
  the family.
• Benin- the kingdom of Benin arose in Nigeria,
  their artists make beautiful objects of metal and
  terra cotta, but they also use brass and create
  statues, masks and jewelry.

Music The W.A. popular music blends traditional
African music with American forms of jazz, blues
and reggae (which has origins in W.A.). The
artists use a combination of French and English
to attract international audiences and they used
a wide variety of drums, guitars, percussion
instruments, pedal steel guitar accordion and the
kora a cross between a harp and a lute. Youssou
NDour Sings Leaving (Dem)
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Central Africa
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Central Africa

• Bantu- group pf people and cultures that speak
  one of the Bantu languages.
• Migrations- Starting about 4,000 years ago, in
  todays southeastern Nigeria, the Bantu moved
  southward throughout Africa, spreading their
  languages and cultures. This may have begun due
  to land shortages, whatever the reason, this
  migration was one of the most important movements
  in history because it produced a great diversity
  of cultures and linked parts of Africa.

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Central Africa
Slave Trade- Established in the 15th century by
the Portuguese. European traders came to Africa
and waited on the coast until the African
merchants brought their potential slaves to them.
Many African rulers took part in the slave
trades, as this was not a new experience for
them, they saw no difference in selling the
slaves to Europeans as they did to Arabs or other
African rulers.
This 19th-century engraving depicts an Arab slave
trading caravan transporting black African slaves
across the Sahara. The trans-Saharan slave trade
developed in the 7th and 8th centuries, as Muslim
Arabs conquered most of North Africa. The trade
grew significantly from the 10th to the 15th
century and peaked in the mid-19th century.
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Central Africa
Colonialism
Start In the mid 1800s C.A. was made up of
hundreds of different ethnic groups which has
their own religions, languages, cultures, from
villages to vast empires. Europeans had been
there for some time but had stayed mainly on the
coast. This changed when King Leopold II from
Belgium became interested in the Congo. The
wanted to open the interior of Africa to trade by
way of the Congo River and eventually controlled
that area and paved the way for the Berlin
Conference, which established the areas as the
Congo Free State, Leopold used forced labor to
gather rubber, palm oil, ivory and other
resources.
Effects During the 1800s and 1900s C.A. was
mainly colonized by the Belgians and French.
Most C.A. colonies gained their independence back
in the 1960s. However, the borders that were
imposed on the the Africans became a problem
because they disrupted long standing govt
systems, ignored ethnic regions, and grouped
enemies together. Remember that traditional
societies were stateless societies a centralized
form of govt would have destroyed that. When
colonialism ended, new govt were forced to
govern very diverse populations. You can see how
this system is prone to corruption, especially
when there are inexperienced leaders.
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Central Africa

• Economic Legacy of Colonialism- like most of
  Africa, C.A. countries rely too much on the
  export of raw materials and a lack of
  infrastructure.
• Economic Effects- C.A. is still recovering from
  the loss of resources, the change/disruption of
  the political system and the cultural and ethnic
  oppression of the people. Colonialism took much
  and gave very little back.
• Traditional Pygmy Music of the Congo
  Popular Soukous Music
• Congo- The Congo is a great example of the econ.
  problems caused by colonialism. The Democratic
  Republic of the Congo possesses huge amts. of
  natural resources like gold, copper and diamonds,
  but the country was left in disarray due to
  colonization and the desire for power and wealth
  but postcolonial leaders.
• Mobutu Sese Seko leader of the Congo from 1967
  to 1997, brought the countrys business under
  natl control and took kickbacks to profit from
  the reorganization. The economy, education and
  social structure began to quickly fall apart. He
  used his army to maintain power, his regime gave
  way to a new leader, Laurent Kabila, a regime
  that led to more violence in C.A. He was
  assassinated in 2001 and his son took over. The
  political system is still unstable to this day.

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Central Africa

• Art
• Central African Art- Up until the 60s C.A. art
  has in some way reflected the attitudes towards
  colonialism. After the 60s the countries wanted
  to est. their own identities and as a result have
  banned Western influences in their art. Artists
  who did not grow up during the colonial era are
  using art to focus on issues like political
  instability, urban life, social justice and
  crime.

Fang Sculpture- Before the 1900s not many people
knew abt. African art, until Pablo Picasso in
1907 saw a display of African Fang Sculpture in
Paris. This intrigued Picasso and he began to use
African themes in his work. The Fang are famous
for their carvings, like wooden masks and
ancestral boxes.
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Central Africa

• Education
• Adversity- There is a short supply of adequate
  schooling for young people in Africa. It is
  estimated that in 2001 less than half of
  Sub-Saharan Africas 16-20 year old attend
  school. Education problems include a shortage of
  trained teachers, a high dropout rate, and a
  shortage of secondary schools. There are over 700
  languages spoken in C.A. which also poses a
  problem, the language used at school is often
  different from the language used at home. For
  instance, in Gabon, a former French colony,
  French is used in school for instruction, but
  outside the classroom, most people speak one of
  the Bantu languages.
• Learning- Education varies in C.A. In Cameroon,
  most kids leave school at the age of 12, whereas
  in the Central African republic, you are required
  to go to school if you are between 6 and 14.
  Many C.A. countries are improving their
  educational systems though. They hope that
  better education will slow the spread of AIDS,
  Ebola (which first emerged in the Congo in 1976
  and is named after the Ebola River), Cholera and
  various other diseases.

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Southern
Africa
Zulu Sangoma
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Southern Africa

• Gold Trade Empires- The majority of people in
  S.A. are Bantu- speaking
• Great Zimbabwe- city established in 1000 by the
  Shona. It is in what is now the country of
  Zimbabwe. For 2 centuries, Great Zimbabwe was the
  the capital of a thriving gold trading era.
  However, around 1450, the Shona abandoned Great
  Zimbabwe.
• Mutapa- Extended throughout all but the eastern
  part of modern day Zimbabwe. They too thrived on
  the gold trade, but then the Portuguese arrived
  in the 1500s and began to interfere with the
  politics there and the Mutapa Empire began to
  decline. The showed the increasing role that
  Europeans would have in S.A.

Ethnic Clash- As you might have guessed, as
Europeans migrated to S.A., they began to have
conflicts with the Africans already living there.
They competed with Europeans and each other for
land .There were many different ethnic tribes
living there, but the largest amt. Of land was
controlled by the Zulu tribe which was defeated
by the British and they took over the land. By
1890, the British had fought the Boers (Dutch
farmers) for control of the region. This was
known as the Boer War. The British won and
formed the Union of S.A. in 1902. FYI South
Africa is currently a country in the region of
South Africa.
The ruins of Great Zimbabwe, near Masvingo in
modern Zimbabwe
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Southern Africa

• Apartheid
• In 1948, the white minority govt instituted a
  policy of apartheid or complete separation of the
  races. This is different than just segregation in
  that it completely banned social contact between
  blacks and whites, est. segregated schools,
  hospitals and neighborhoods. Interestingly
  enough, 75 of the population was, you guessed
  it, black. They only received a small percent of
  the land, as the best land was reserved for the
  whites.
• Nelson Mandela- in 1949 N.M had emerged as one of
  the leaders of the African National Congress
  (ANC, formed in 1912) and led a long struggle to
  end apartheid, which resulted in him being thrown
  in jail for life. By the 80s countries around
  the world, including the U.S. was pressuring S.A.
  to end apartheid. In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became
  president of S.A. and he wanted to change things.
  S.A. as a result experienced a peaceful
  revolution, and the govt ended the apartheid
  laws, an election that included all races in S.A
  was held, N.M who had be released from jail, was
  elected president and in 1996, the govt passed a
  new democratic law which guaranteed the rights of
  all citizens.
• Anti-Apartheid Violence
• Nelson Mandela
• Mandela's Electoral Victory

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Southern Africa

• Economic Effects- The economies in S.A. are some
  of the most advanced in Africa. However, many
  countries are trying to raise the standard of
  living for blacks, who get the worst jobs, own
  the least productive land and go to the worst
  schools. Apartheid has definitely hurt the
  economy of S.A. Because of it, foreign countries
  imposed economic sanctions preventing countries
  from doing business with or investing in S.A.
  Apartheid led to the poor education on blacks,
  which resulted in a mass of uneducated young
  people. As a result of this, two economies exist
  in S.A. One potion has an upper-middle income
  economy like the U.S. S.A has huge cities with
  industrial complexes such as Johannesburg or Cape
  Town. There are modern, mechanized farms and
  large ranches, whereas in other parts of S.A.
  there are poverty-stricken rural areas with
  shanty towns, unequal land distribution and an
  extreme housing shortage.

Beginning in the 1950s, the government of South
Africa divided the black population into ethnic
groups and assigned each group to a separate
territory, or bantustan. A total of ten
bantustans, called homelands by the government,
were created as part of the system of apartheid,
or separation of the races. The bantustans
consisted of many fragments of land and could not
support the populations assigned to them. They
were reintegrated into the rest of South Africa
in 1994.
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Southern Africa

• AIDS in S.A.- by 1999, the most severely affected
  countries were in S.A. For example, in Zimbabwe
  and Botswana, over 25 of adults had HIV. In
  Botswana, the average male life expectancy was 60
  in 1994, but by 1999, it was 39.

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Southern Africa

• Culture- S.A. more than any other region is a
  huge mix of African and European cultures.
• Dancing in S.A.- Dancing is huge in S.A. for
  instance, the Chewa people practice a dance
  called the gule wa mkulu which reflects their
  traditional religious beliefs. The Timbuka people
  and N. Malawi perform vimbuza which is done by
  healers to cure the sick. The benji dance done by
  the Yao warriors, makes fun of the European
  militarys desire to march and have parades.
• Johannesburg- One of S.A.s largest cities which
  began as a small mining town and grew due to the
  gold reserves. Today over 6 million people of
  many different ethnicities and lifestyles live
  there. But due to apartheid, the greater
  Johannesburg area has developed into two
  different cities. In the north, there are huge
  suburbs and to the south are poor black
  townships.
• Modern and Traditional Lifestyles- Some S.A.
  life modern lifestyles such as doctors, lawyers
  etc. They live in housing areas that look like
  something you would find in the U.S. On the
  other hand, many others, due to the effects of
  apartheid, still live in former black only
  housing and shantytowns. They work in menial
  unskilled labor jobs.
• Some ethnic groups still follow the traditional
  lifestyle like farming, trading or herding.
• Ladysmith Black Mambazo

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Follow-up

• Answer the Main Idea questions on page 458.
• Answer Critical Thinking Questions, 2, 3, and 5.
• You may write your answers on the packet or
  attach them to the packet.