Respiratory System

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Respiratory System
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Purpose Conduct air Gaseous interchanges Two
Parts Conducting Passages Nose
Naso-pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi
Bronchioles Respiratory Seat Respiratory
bronchioles Alveolar ducts Atria Alveolar
sacs
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NASAL CAVITY Hollow organ External Skin
covering support (muscles, cartilage/bone Inter
nal Mucous membrane Regions Vestibule
Respiratory Region Olfactory Region
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Vestibule Dilated region Medial support
cartilage Lining Continuous with
skin Changes inward Stratified Squamous
Epithelium loses cornification and
layering Coarse hairs (near external
orifice) Sebaceous Glands Sweat Glands
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Respiratory Region Most of septum Lateral
walls Lateral wall surface area increased
conchae
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Olfactory Epithelium
Vein
Periosteum
Cavernous Erectile Tissue
Respiratory Epithelium
Nerves
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Lining (Schneiderian Membrane) Ciliated
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Numerous Goblet Cells tend to concentrate
(intraepithelial glandular pits) Cilia beat
backward Basement membrane variable thin to
very thick Lamina Propria subject to
lymphocyte infiltration Eosinophils,
Plasma Cells Macrophages occasionally
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Cavernous erectile tissue deep in lamina
propria Vascular plexus (large, thin-walled
veins) Warms air Irritation distend with
blood Submucosa absent ? lamina propria fused
to periosteum
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Olfactory Region Occurs Superior Concha
adjacent septum Embedded in the epithelium
neuroepithelial cells Synapsing neurons
continue into brain Lamina Propria with Serous
Glands (More details later Organs of Special
Sense)
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PARANASAL SINUSES Sacculations from nasal
cavities Embedded in bones Sinuses Frontal
Sphenoidal Maxillary Ethmoidal Mucosa
resembles respiratory region Epithelium lower
fewer goblet cells Basement Membrane very
thin Fewer glands (smaller) No erectile tissue
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NASO-PHARYNX Epithelium Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium to Stratified
Squamous Connects Nasal Passages to Pharynx
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LARYNX Short, firm tube Support cartilages
muscles Internally vocal folds / vocal
folds Between Naso-pharynx Trachea
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Lining Epithelium varies with region Stratified
Squamous Epithelium Vocal folds
ary-epiglottal folds epiglottis (most) Ciliated
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium below
vocal folds Basement membrane thin Lamina
Propria elastic fibers (rich) Small,
sero-mucous glands (except in vocal
folds) Diffuse lymphocytic infiltration Solitary
lymph nodules (few)
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Submucosa indistinct Glands, rich elastic
tissue deep/special layer Vocal Folds
opposing folds of mucous membrane Vocal Ligament
(elastic) Surface stratified squamous
epithelium Vocal Muscle lateral to fold
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Cartilage plates in wall Ligaments unite
cartilages Larger plates hyaline
cartilage Thyroid, Cricoid, Aryteniod (largest
portion) Calcify early (? at
puberty) Remaining small plates ? elastic
cartilage Cuneiform, Corniculate, Arytenoid
(tip only), Epiglottic Laryngeal
Muscles Extrinsic muscles to cartilages
Intrinsic muscles between cartilages
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TRACHEA PRIMARY BRONCHI Trachea thin-walled,
rigid tube, 4.5 long, 1 wide Bifurcates near
lungs ? Primary Bronchi Lining Mucous
membrane Cartilages support wall Mucosa Ciliated
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Basement Membrane very thick Lamina Propria
thin, fibrous layer Lymphocytes in reticular
tissue of L.P. Muscularis Mucosae absent,
replaced by special stratum (elastic
layer) Submucosa deeper, glandular
layer Glands sero-mucous Glands between
cartilages Fat cells
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Adventitia contains cartilages Fibrous
membrane connects cartilages Cartilages 16-20
C or Y shaped open posteriorly Gap filled with
Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) fibro-elastic
tissue Mixed glands penetrate muscle Old age
cartilages may degenerate calcify
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Primary bronchi structurally similar to
Trachea Carilages smaller, plates
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LUNG Location Pleural Cavities (chest) lined
with Serous Membrane Fundamental Design system
of branching air tubes Subdivided into lobes (not
complete) Lobes divided into lobules
(indistinct) Attached at hilus (entry of major
blood vessels Primary Bronchus Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura continuous at hilus Internally
Branching system of air tubes Conducting tubes
Branches of Bronchi ordinary bronchioles Respir
atory tubes Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, atria, alveolar sacs
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Lobulation of Lungs Right lung 3 major
lobes Left lung 2 major lobes Internally each
lobe vaguely subdivides into lobules Lobule
ordinary bronchiole all branching passages
beyond that point (secondary lobule) Forms
pyramidal mass Incomplete interlobular septa
between lobules Primary lobule still smaller
division of secondary lobule alveolar duct
all terminal branches
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Secondary Lobule
Primary Lobule
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Lung Framework Outer investment fibro-elastic
membrane (deep layer Visceral Pleura) Interlo
bular septa pass inward secondary
lobules Apex septa join C.T. around
bronchi Lobules reticular networks elastic
networks Networks support bronchioles and tubes
down to alveolar sacs
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CONDUCTING TUBES OF THE LUNG Bronchus Epithelium
layering decreases thickness
decreases Larger bronchi Ciliated
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium include
s goblet cells Smallest bronchi Simple
Columnar Epithelium Cilia abundant Numerous
goblet cells Muscularis Mucosae encircles thin
lamina propria gradual replacement for elastic
layer retains some elastic fibers
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Submucosa mixed, sero-mucous glands decrease
in size number ? smaller bronchi Solitary
lymph nodules outside muscularis (if
present) Adventitia Cartilagenous plates
rather than rings Lymph nodules possible in
largest bronchi
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Bronchiole Size range 1 mm. down to 0.5
mm. Smallest terminal bronchioles 50 to 80
each secondary lobule Epithelium Simple
columnar to Simple cuboidal Remain
ciliated Goblet cells decrease in numbers
disappear Muscularis mucosae thickest of
respiratory system Spiraling fibers dominate
lamina propria Elastic fibers mix with smooth
muscle fibers Adventitia present lacks
cartilages, glands, lymph nodules mucosa forms
longitudinal folds
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RESPIRATORY TUBES OF THE LUNG Begin with
Respiratory Bronchioles Short branching Size
0.5 mm. or less 2 from each Terminal
Bronchiole Transition from Conducting to
Respiratory functions Epithelium low columnar
to low cuboidal Goblet cells no longer
present Larger tubes remain ciliated Supporting
wall largely collagenous Interlacing smooth
muscle elastic fiber networks Alveoli
interrupt wall increase in numbers
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Alveolar Duct
Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveolar sac
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Alveolar Duct Branches from Respiratory
Bronchioles Long, thin-walled, fibro-elastic
tubes Smooth muscle spirals fewer Many
alveoli from walls Alveolar sacs open off these
alveolar ducts Atrium antechamber between
Alveolar Duct Alveolar Sac Alveolar Sac 2 to
5 from each atrium Alveoli make up the wall of
the Alveolar Sac
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Alveoli Hexagonal box (top open) Interior of
Alveolar sac honeycomb appearance Alveoli
tightly packed Adjacent alveoli separated by
Aleolar Septum Framework of septum dense
network of fibers Reticular fibers most
numerous Contains some elastic fibers No
smooth muscle fibers! Capillaries weave through
septa Special cells fill in between capillaries
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Cells of Alveolar Septa Special septal cells
free macrophages alveolar phagocytes and
dust cells, some fibroblasts
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Alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium
mesothelium Capillaries lined with endothelium
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Basement membrane thin between epithelial
lining capillary Vessels Nerves of the
Lung Two sets of vessels one for respiration,
one to nourish air tubes Pulmonary artery
branches follows air tubes Pulmonary veins
tributaries parallels the arteries Bronchial
arteries nourish the air tubes- accompany
pulmonary arteries but are smaller
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Lymphatic vessels Profuse superficial pleural
network receives lymph from interlobular
septa Valves prevent backflow Deep set of
lymph vessels follows air tubes blood
vessels Nerves Vagus Sympathetic Systems
supply air tubes and blood vessels Some sensory
endings may be associated with muscle and
epithelium