Political Geography

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Chapter 5 Political Geography
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Political Geography The Map as a Statement of
Politics The Geography of Elections The
Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and
Others Different maps yields different
insights Centrifugal and Centripetal
Forces Unitary and Federal States Local
Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities,
Special Purpose Districts Annexation
Strategies NB From River to Rail to Rubber
relevance The Geographic Basis of
Representation Proportional vs
Winner-Take-All UK, Canada, US Governing
Systems Shifting Population, Power, Politics
in the US Political System Gerrymandering and
Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentratio
n vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One
Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community
of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas
and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free
Trade Association Concept Comparative
Advantage Impacts
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GGQ Fig 5.1 Voter Turnout 1996 Presidential
Election
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Pop Bulletin 50 (4), 1996, p. 23, Figure 8 The
US at Mid-Decade
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
States shaded lighter red or Lighter blue favored
the indicated Candidate, but by less than 50
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
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From http//www.uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/
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PETAL or FUGAL?? Civil War World War
II Vietnam War 9/11/01 Iraq (1990, 2003,
in-between??) Articles of Confederation versus
Constitution Quebec First Nations NAFTA Large
Immigrant Flows/Populations African-Americans/Bl
acks in the 60s-70s-80s-90s Martin Luther King
day Canada versus US in terms of population
distribution (GGQ note that Canadas 4-5
separate areas of settlement, each with closer
access to US than to Ottawa, each with widely
different self-interests (agriculture, minerals,
fishing, manufacturing, commerce, English vs
French) so that population distribution per se
can contribute to centrifugalism --
interesting!!!)
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GGQ Fig 3.11 Township Range System
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Replacement of the Metes and Bounds System of
parceling land (used natural features such as
rivers-rocks-trees to demarcate property lines
still dominates East coast and Southeast locales)
with the Township and Range system (Figure
3.11) (1) land subdivided into squares, (2)
lines ran E-W and N-S, a township was six miles
on a side (6 sq miles), (3) each divided into
36 sections of one mile on a side (1 sq mile 640
acres), (4) a quarter section (160 acres) was
considered standard size for a farm (5)
road-field boundaries usually follow the straight
lines of surveying system, (6) giving rise to
the checkerboard pattern dominating Midwest
landscapes. The Township and Range system --
cultural artifact which remains with us today
and is central to the populist concept of the
Family Farm. The phrase 40 acres and a mule,
seems related to the Township and Range
system. System first used in eastern Ohio A
MAJOR legacy of the period!!
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From Columbus Dispatch City starting to concede
it may have growing pains Annexation on Far
West Side tabled corridor plan rejected
Monday, February 09, 2004 NB Use of Hayden
Run Road to Connect w/ Columbus
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Columbus City Council tabled request to annex
171 acres south of Bolton Field "a
heightened concern" that city not able to provide
necessary services. Columbus Development
Commission rejecteds Hayden Run Corridor Plan
two-lane country roads could not handle surge
in traffic if 2,606 houses were built Mayor
Colemans "pay as we grow" plan city cant bear
cost alone developers and residents could pay
fees for costs of new services. On the agenda
Should Columbus change policies in place since
the 1950s that require annexation before the city
extends sewer and water lines? Mayor Coleman
disagrees with Chief Jackson about annexation
Columbus must keep growing to stay economically
viable. "Mayor Coleman, like all public
officials, is beginning to recognize we cannot
continue to grow without considering the impact
of growth (on residents). "Annexation always
been very good for Columbus. If we stop growing
and doing development, were going to be
Youngstown." The development plan for Hayden
Run makes sense because it provides housing for
the common guy new housing in Dublin and
Hilliard out of reach for the middle class.
Im wary because Columbus City Hall has a
history of being too cozy with developers I
dont think the common person gets their concerns
given due weight."
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From Columbus Dispatch City starting to concede
it may have growing pains Annexation on Far
West Side tabled corridor plan rejected
Monday, February 09, 2004 NB Ratio of
Services to Sq Mile Has Changed little Since 1994
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GGQ Fig 5.4 Political Fragmentation in Champaign
County, Ill
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Political Geography The Map as a Statement of
Politics The Geography of Elections The
Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and
Others Different maps yields different
insights Centrifugal and Centripetal
Forces Unitary and Federal States Local
Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities,
Special Purpose Districts Annexation
Strategies NB From River to Rail to Rubber
relevance The Geographic Basis of
Representation Proportional vs
Winner-Take-All UK, Canada, US Governing
Systems Shifting Population, Power, Politics
in the US Political System Gerrymandering and
Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentratio
n vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One
Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community
of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas
and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free
Trade Association Concept Comparative
Advantage Impacts
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GGQ Fig 5.5 Note the Washington Monument!!
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Shifts in Apportionment of Congressional Seats as
the Result of the 1980 Census From Richard
Morrill, Political Redistricting and Geographic
Theory, AAG Resource Publication, 1981, Fig 1
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Source http//www.nemw.org/delegate.htm
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GGQ Fig 5.7 The Original Gerrymander
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GGQ Fig 5.8 Alternative Redistricting Strategies
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From http//images.chron.com/content/news/photo
s/04/01/07/a-redist.jpg, Jan. 6, 2004
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http//www.fairvote.org/redistricting/reports/rema
nual/oh.htm
http//www.ncec.org/redistricting/district.phtml?d
istrictoh108
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Redistricting is Alive and Well 1900-1960
Many states put off the mandated every-ten-years
Redistricting Result Urban areas grew, but
political power retained in Rural Areas Rural
areas maintained and increased relative political
power Mal- or Mis-Apportionment 1962 Supreme
Court, Tennessee case declared Mal-Apportionment
unconstitutional one person, one vote
declared the criteria GGQ calls this beginning
of the Reapportionment Revolution In addition
to one person, one vote other criteria include
Contiguity, Compactness, Respect Existing
Political Units Community of Interest a
subsequent criterion Common economic, social,
political, cultural interests From this --
Explicit Representation of Minority Populations
(race/ethnicity) Roots in 1965 Voting Rights
Act Cottage Industry for Geographers and Other
Spatial Analysts
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GGQ Fig. 5.9 North Carolina for African American
Populations
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GGF Fig 9 Irregular Race-Favored Districts,
After 1990
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• For given number of districts, an algorithm that
  --
• Minimizes aggregate travel among the districts
  population (compactness)
• (b) All parts of each district are spatially
  adjacent to at least one of its
• other parts (contiguity)
• (c) All districts have more or less equal
  population
• (d) Minority /or Ethnic populations are spread
  among districts (akin to
• Opponent-Dispersion), or alternatively, if
  minority/ethnic representation is sought, create
  a majority in x districts (akin to
  Opponent-Concentration)
• (e) Define voting districts according to existing
  political boundaries.

From http//www.fairvote.org/redistricting/report
s/remanual/oh.htm SUMMARYBecause the GOP
failed to produce a map last year, the state
Democrats won a chance to have a say in the
remapping of Ohio. The new map generally
strengthens Democratic districts, but eliminates
James Traficant, who may run against a fellow
Democrat.
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Political Geography The Map as a Statement of
Politics The Geography of Elections The
Presidential Votes 1988-2004 and
Others Different maps yields different
insights Centrifugal and Centripetal
Forces Unitary and Federal States Local
Governments Counties, Townships, Municipalities,
Special Purpose Districts Annexation
Strategies NB From River to Rail to Rubber
relevance The Geographic Basis of
Representation Proportional vs
Winner-Take-All UK, Canada, US Governing
Systems Shifting Population, Power, Politics
in the US Political System Gerrymandering and
Congressional Redistricting Opponent-Concentratio
n vs Opponent-Dispersion One Person, One
Vote?? Reapportionment Revolution -- Community
of Interest, Ethnic/Racial Representation Texas
and Ohio Examples NAFTA Common Market and Free
Trade Association Concept Comparative
Advantage Impacts
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NAFTA North American Free Trade
Association Canada, US, Mexico Initiated
1/1/94 Free Trade Association vs Common
Market Comparative Advantage is a Central
Organizing Force Division over NAFTA (GGQ Figure
5.16) Supported by States by Mexican Border,
Central South Prairie States, West Economic
Opportunity, Strong Existing Mexican Ties, Labor
Needs Opposed by Northern Prairie States, AMB
States, Old South States Economic Centrality
of Agriculture, More Unionized, Textile
Production Impact on Trade and Economy -- --
Tri-lateral trade increased 71 between 1994 and
1999 -- Canada-US increased 47 and
Canada-Mexico increased 91 -- Mexico-US/Canada
increased 137 -- US-Mexico rose 110 -- Mexico
elevated to USs second largest trading partner,
after Canada (and replacing Japan) -- Border
areas of Mexico-US and US-Canada have grown
significantly in economic activities and
population, and even more in the future --
Mexico-US border area in particular should be
leading growth region -- Will re-balance the
fulcrum of economic activity in the US.
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GGQ Fig. 5.16 NAFTA Vote 1993, House of
Representatives NB Colors for Yea and Nay
are reversed Green is Yea, Yellow is Nay. But
numbers for Yea and Nay are correct 234 Yea, 200
Nay
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Mexicos Detroit (NYT 1992) Coincident
with NAFTA passing through Congress
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GGQ Location of the Cotton Textile Industry (p
185)
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CHAPTER 7 INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL
ORGANIZATION
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CHAPTER 8 MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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CHAPTER 9 CITIES