FARs

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FARs

• Federal Aviation Regulations
• fun stuff

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By
the Pilots of the University of Notre Dame
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FAA/FARs

• Federal Aviation Administration
• Federal Aviation Regulations
• Rules that apply to aviation, flight operations,
  construction of aircraft, training, and pilot
  certificates.
• FARs are rules contained in the CFR Code of
  Federal Regulations.

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Development

• FARs are enforceable regulatory laws of the
  United States
• The FAA along with the DOT is allowed to issue
  and revise FARs
• Before FARs become law they are published in the
  Notices to Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) for a
  period of time.
• FAR texts are available directly from the FAA,
  via the FSDO or Internet
• FARs contain many sections, however the parts
  most relevant to you as private pilots are 61,
  91, and NTSB 830.

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FARs

• These two sections are
• FAR Part 61 (how we get our license)
• FAR Part 91 (how we lose our license)

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FAR Part 61

• Governs the certification for pilots, flight
  instructors, and ground instructors
• Includes
• Change of Name and Address Regulations
• Medical Certificates
• Additional Training
• Logbooks
• Flight Reviews
• Flight Experience and PIC
• Night Operations

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Definitions

• Category
• Broad classification of aircraft
• Airplane
• Rotorcraft
• Glider
• Class
• Classification of aircraft within a category with
  similar operating characteristics
• Single-Engine
• Multi-Engine
• Type
• Required for
• Large Aircraft
• Turbojet powered airplanes
• Other aircraft specified by the Administrator
  (Marion Blakey)
• Aircraft Specific
• i.e. B757

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Private Pilot Requirements

• FAR 61.102 61.117
• Covers applicability, eligibility, aeronautical
  knowledge, flight proficiency, aeronautical
  experience, etc
• Airplane Single Engine
• 40 Hours Total
• 20 with a CFI
• 10 Solo Hours

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Change of Name or Address

• FAR 61.25 Change of Name
• Send an application for name change accompanied
  by
• Current airman certificate
• Copy of marriage license, court order or other
  document verifying name change
• FAR 61.60 Change of Address
• Pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
  may not exercise certificate privileges unless
  the FAA is notified in writing within 30 days of
  address change.

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Change of Address Form
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FAR 61.23 - Medical Certificates

• First Class
• Required for Airline Transport Pilot privileges
• Valid for six calendar months
• After six months becomes second class
• Second Class
• Required for Commercial Pilot Privileges
• Valid for 12 calendar months
• After 12 calendar months becomes Third class
• Third Class
• Required for Student (Solo), Recreational, and
  Private Pilot privileges
• Valid for 24 calendar months for pilots 40 and
  over
• Valid for 36 calendar months for pilots under 40

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FAR 61.31 - Additional Training

• Operation of Complex airplanes (retractable gear,
  flaps, and constant speed propeller)
• Received and logged ground and flight training
  from an authorized CFI
• Received a one time endorsement from CFI
  certifying proficiency
• Operation of high performance airplanes (one
  engine of more than 200 horse power)
• Received and logged ground instruction and flight
  training from an authorized CFI
• Received a one time endorsement from CFI
  certifying proficiency

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FAR 61.31 - Additional Training (cont.)

• Operation of tailwheel airplanes
• Received and logged flight training from an
  authorized CFI
• Received a one time endorsement from CFI
  certifying proficiency
• Operation of pressurized aircraft (high-altitude
  endorsement - above 25,000 MSL)
• Received and logged ground and flight training
  from an authorized CFI
• Received a one time endorsement from CFI
  certifying proficiency

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FAR 61.51 Pilot Logbooks

• Purpose of logbook is to demonstrate currency and
  qualification for additional certificates/ratings
• Presentation of documents for inspection
• Logbook, pilot certificate, medical certificate,
  or other
• Reasonable request from Administrator, authorized
  NTSB agent, federal, state, or local law
  enforcement officer

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FAR 61.56 Flight Reviews

• No person may act as pilot in command unless
• They have accomplished a flight review in the
  preceding 24 calendar months
• They have a logbook endorsement from the
  authorized flight instructor who gave the review,
  certifying that the person has satisfactorily
  completed the review
• Flight Review Syllabus
• Minimum of one hour of flight instruction on
  maneuvers that the CFI feels are appropriate for
  the certificate privileges being exercised.
• Minimum of one hour of ground instruction on Part
  91 of the FARs

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FAR 61.57 Recent Flight Experience as Pilot In
Command

• General Experience for Carrying Passengers
• Three takeoffs and landings within the preceding
  90 days in the same category and class
• Accomplished a flight review in preceding 24
  calendar months see FAR 61.56
• Night Experience for Carrying Passengers
• Three takeoffs and landing to a full stop within
  the preceding 90 days in the same category and
  class
• Accomplished a flight review in the preceding 24
  calendar months see FAR 61.56
• Tail Wheel Aircraft must be to a full stop day
  and night!

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Night Ops

• FAR 61.51 Logging of Night Time
• One hour after civil sunset
• One hour before civil sunrise
• FAR 91.209 Aircraft light
• Required for operation from sunset to sunrise
• Turn on position lights
• Turn on anti-collision light (strobes), if
  available
• (unless PIC determines its in interest of
  safety to turn off)

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FAR Part 91

• Responsibility of PIC
• Dropping of Objects
• Alcohol and Drugs
• Preflight Action
• Use of Seatbelts
• Fuel Requirements
• MSAs
• Required Documents
• Compliance with ATC Clearances
• ELTs
• Oxygen Requirements
• Inspections

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FAR 91.3 PIC Responsibility

• Directly responsible for, and the final authority
  as to the operation of the aircraft
• In an emergency, PIC may deviate from any stated
  rule to meet that emergency

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FAR 91.15 Dropping of Objects

• No PIC may allow an object to dropped from an
  aircraft that creates a hazard to persons or
  property
• An object may be dropped if reasonable
  precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage
  to persons or property

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FAR 91.17 Alcohol and Drugs

• No person may act as crew
• Within 8 hours of drinking alcoholic beverages
• While under the influence of alcohol or drugs
• While having 0.04 (by weight) alcohol level in
  blood
• Only in an emergency is the PIC allowed to carry
  a person under the influence of drugs and alcohol
• Crew members must submit to drug/alcohol testing
  if requested to do so by law enforcement officer

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FAR 91.103 Preflight Action

• Each PIC shall, before beginning a flight, become
  familiar with all available information about the
  flight including
• Weather reports
• Fuel requirements
• Alternates
• Traffic delays
• Runway lengths at airports of intended use
• Takeoff and landing information in POH

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FAR 91.107 Use of Seat Belts, Shoulder Harnesses,
and Child Restraint Systems

• No PIC may take off unless he/she ensures that
  each person on board is briefed on how to fasten
  and unfasten that persons safety belt and, if
  installed, their shoulder harness
• No PIC may move on the surface, take off, or land
  unless PIC ensures that each person on board has
  been notified to fasten that persons safety belt
  and, if installed, their shoulder harness

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Fuel Requirements

• VFR Requirements Part 91.151
• DAY TIME - Must have enough fuel on board to fly
  to original intended point of landing and 30
  minutes beyond that point
• NIGHT TIME 45 mins
• IFR Requirements Part 91.167
• Fly to airport of intended landing, then fly to
  the alternate filed at normal cruise, then 45
  minutes thereafter.

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FAR 91.113 Right of Way Rules

• An aircraft in distress has right of way over all
  other aircraft
• An aircraft being over taken has the right of way
  and must be passed on the right
• When two aircraft of the same category are
  converging, but not head-on, the aircraft to the
  left shall give way
• When two aircraft of the same category are
  converging on a head-on collision course, both
  aircraft shall give way to the right
• The least maneuverable aircraft normally has the
  right of way
• balloon over glider over aircraft refueling in
  flight over airship over airplane over rotorcraft
• When two or more aircraft are approaching an
  airport for landing, the right of way belongs to
  the aircraft at the lower altitude

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FAR 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes

• The minimum safe altitude anywhere must allow and
  emergency landing, following an engine failure,
  without undue hazard to persons or property on
  the surface.
• Congested area
• 1,000 ft. in a 2,000 ft. radius
• Uncongested area-
• 500 ft.
• Over sparsely populated areas or open water
• 500 ft. of any person, vessel, vehicle, or
  structure.

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FAR 91.123 Compliance with ATC Clearances

• When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no PIC
  may deviate from that clearance unless
• An amended clearance is obtained
• An emergency exists
• Deviation is in response to a traffic alert and
  collision avoidance system resolution advisory
• When PIC is uncertain of an ATC clearance, PIC
  should request clarification
• ATC clearances are not authorization to deviate
  from the rules

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Required Airman Documents

• Pilot Certificate
• Medical Certificate
• Government issued ID

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Required Aircraft Documents

• Use the Mnemonic A-R-O-W
• Airworthiness certificate
• Registration certificate
• Operating handbook (POH)
• Weight and Balance data

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Required Aircraft Instruments

• DAY VFR
• TOMATO FLAMES
• Tachometer
• Oil Pressure
• Manifold Pressure
• Altitude Indicator
• Temperature Gauges (liquid-cooled engines)
• Oil Temperature (air-cooled engines)
• Fuel Gauges
• Landing light position indicator (if applicable)
• Airspeed Indicator
• Magnetic Compass
• ELT
• Seat Belts

• NIGHT VFR
• Day VFR
• FLAPS
• Fuses
• Landing Lights (for hire)
• Anti-collision lights
• Position lights
• Source of Power

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FAR 91.207 - ELTs

• Emergency Locator Transmitter
• Operates on 121.5 Mhz
• ELT batteries must be
• Inspected every 12 calendar months
• Replaced after one hour of continuous use or
  after 50 of useful life has expired as
  determined by manufacturer
• Aircraft cannot be flown without a functioning
  ELT, except
• When being ferried to another airport for ELT
  installations, replacement, or repair
• Only aircrews may fly on the ferry flight, no
  passengers

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FAR 91.211 Use of Oxygen

• Flight crews must use oxygen
• 12,500 ft MSL up to and including 14,000 ft MSL
  for more than 30 mins
• Above 14,000 ft MSL at all times
• Passengers must be provided oxygen
• Above 15,000 ft MSL
• Altitudes shown above are cabin pressure altitudes

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Aircraft Inspections

• FAR 91.409 Airframe and Powerplant Inspections
• Every 12 calendar months (annual)
• Every 100 hrs for aircraft used for hire
• FAR 91.411 Pitot-Static System Tests and
  Inspection
• Every 24 calendar months
• FAR 91.413 Transponder Tests and Inspection
• Every 24 calendar months

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NTSB 830

• Immediate notification to a National Safety Board
  field office in the event of the following
• Aircraft accident
• Any of the following incidents
• Flight control system or malfunction
• Inability of flight crew member to perform flight
  duties due to injury or illness
• In-flight fire
• Mid-air collision
• Damage to other property (not aircraft) of more
  than 25,000

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BE GREAT AND CONCENTRATE!