Functional Groups and Reactions of Organic Compounds

1
Functional Groups and Reactions of Organic
Compounds
2
Alkanes

• They burn!
• Hydrocarbon and Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide and
  Water

3
Reactions of AlkenesADDITION REACTIONS

• Alkenes are unsaturated more bonds can form to
  the C atoms
• Molecules such as Br2, H2, HCl, HBr, and H2O add
  to the double bond

4
An Addition Reaction
Fat placed in Br2 vapor

• Unsaturated Fats

5
An Addition Reaction

• The fat in bacon is partially unsaturated. The
  fat adds Br2 to the CC bonds.

6
An Addition Reaction

• Fats can be hydrogenated with H2.

Saturated Fats
Peanut butter has partially hydrogenated
vegetable oil.
7
Reactions of Aromatics

• Substitutions not additions are typical.

AlCl3 is a catalyst. Catalysts typically used in
aromatic substitutions.
8
Functional Groups

• See CD-ROM Screens 11.5 11.6

9
Alcohols

• Characterized by OH group R-OH
• Name add ol to name of hydrocarbon

Methanol
Butanol
10
Structures of Alcohols

• C3H5OH how many structural isomers?

Add -ol to name of 3-C hydrocarbon. Indicate
position of OH with number.
11
Alcohol Properties

• Alcohols are a derivative of water
• Many alcohols dissolve in water

Methanol dissolves in water.
Butanol is NOT soluble in water.
12
Sterno

• Alcohols burn in air
• A mixture of ethanol calcium acetate STERNO

13
GLYCOLSAlcohols with Two OH Groups
14
Alcohol ReactionsScreen 11.6
Substitution
Elimination
15
Sugars Related to Alcohols

• Sugars are carbohydrates, compounds with the
  formula Cx(H2O)y.

16
Amines

• Alcohols are derivatives of H2O
• (ROH) and amines are derivatives of NH3.

Dimethylamine
Trimethylamine
Methylamine
17
Amines

• Amines generally have terrible odors!

18
Amines

• Amines, like NH3, are bases

19
Amines

• Many natural products and drugs (such as nicotine
  and cocaine) are bases.

Nicotine
20
Structures of Aldehydes
Odors from aldehydes and ketones
Cinnamaldehyde
21
carbonyl group
22
H
H
methanal FORMALDEHYDE
23
H
CH3CH2
propanal
24
R
H
an ALDEHYDE
25
CH3
CH3
dimethylketone propanone ACETONE
26
CH2CH2CH3
CH3
2-pentanone
27
CH2CH3
CH3CH2
3-pentanone
28
R
R
a KETONE
29
Carboxylic Acids
Acids are found in many natural substances
bread, fruits, milk, wine
30

• Carboxylic Acids

31
H
OH
methanoic acid FORMIC ACID
32
CH3
OH
ethanoic acid ACETIC ACID
33
CH2CH2CH3
OH
butanoic acid BUTYRIC ACID
34
R
OH
a CARBOXYLIC ACID
35
an AMINO ACID
36
Acids Alcohols --gt ESTERS
Esters have generally pleasant odors
37
Acids Alcohols --gt ESTERS
38
Acids Alcohols --gt ESTERS
39
Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, Acid and Ester
40
Fats and Oils
Fats with CC bonds are usually LIQUDS
Oleic acid a monounsaturated fatty acid
CC Bond
41
Fats and Oils
Fats with saturated acids (no CC bonds) are
SOLIDS.
Saturated fats are more common in animals.
42
Trans Fatty Acids
Acid and Alkene
CC Bond
43
Trans Fatty Acids

• Oleic acid is a monounsaturated cis-fatty acid
• Trans fatty acids have deleterious health
  effects.
• Trans fatty acids raise plasma LDL cholesterol
  and lower HDL levels.

44
Acids Amines --gt AMIDES
N-methylacetamide
45
Acids Amines --gt AMIDES
Acetoaminophen Tylenol, Datril, Momentum, ...