Organic Functional Groups

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Organic Functional Groups
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• Objectives
• Today I will be able to
• Identify and name the functional groups in
  organic compounds
• Explain the definition of an isomer
• Differentiate between cis and trans isomers
• Informal assessment monitoring student
  interactions and questions as they complete the
  practice
• Formal assessment analyzing student responses
  to the practice
• Common Core Connection
• Make sense of problems and persevere in solving
  them
• Reason abstactly

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Lesson Sequence

• Evaluate Warm-up
• Explain Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
• Explore/Explain Functional Groups
• Elaborate Worksheet
• Evaluate Exit Ticket

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Warm Up

• Draw the structure and determine what is wrong
  with the name
• 1 ethyl -3-methyl-2-propylpentane
• 2-methyl-3,4-ethylnonane
• 2,2- dimethyl-2-pentene

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Objectives

• Today I will be able to
• Identify and name the functional groups in
  organic compounds
• Explain the definition of an isomer
• Differentiate between cis and trans isomers

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Homework

• Cation/Anion Quiz sometime the week of September
  8-11
• Solubility Rule Quiz sometime the week of
  September 15-19

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Agenda

• Warm-up
• Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
• Functional Groups
• Practice Worksheet
• Exit Ticket

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Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
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(No Transcript)
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Functional Groups Notes Outline

• Complete the functional groups outline using your
  textbook. We will review as a class.

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Practice Worksheet

• Complete the practice problems at your desk. We
  will review the answers as a class.

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Organic Notes
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The Shapes of Organic Molecules

• In the VSEPR model, the bonds to a carbon are
  comprised of four electron pairs
• Single bonds tetrahedral
• One double bond trigonal-planar
• Two double bonds linear
• This helps to determine molecular shapes and how
  they will react with other molecules and how
  quickly

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The Stabilities of Organic Substances

• Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds which
  are stronger than single bonds this results from
  decreasing bond length
• Most reactions between oxygen and organic
  compounds are exothermic and stable at room
  temperature
• Special stability is associated with the presence
  of aromatic rings due to the overlap of the pi
  orbitals of the carbon atoms that cause the
  electrons to delocalize (resonance structures)

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Solubility and Acid/Base Properties of Organic
Substances

• Carbon Carbon and Carbon Hydrogen bonds are the
  most prevalent in these substances
• Overall low polarity and soluble in nonpolar
  solvents
• Molecules are soluble in water have polar groups
  on the surface of the molecule
• Acidic substances carboxylic acids COOH
• Basic substances amines NH2, -NHR, -NR2
• Amino Acids contain both the carboxylic acid and
  amino groups amphoteric (acting as either an
  acid or base)

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Introduction to Hydrocarbons

• Alkanes (Ethane) CH3 CH3

http//www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/a/ae/Ethan
e.png
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Alkanes

• An organic compound containing only single bonds
• Geometry of each carbon atom is tetrahedral with
  sp3 hybridization
• These are considered saturated hydrocarbon

http//wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/178px-Ch4_hybridizat
ion.svg.png
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Alkanes

• Straight chain hydrocarbons carbons atoms are
  joined in a single continuous chain
• Branched chain hydrocarbons hydrocarbon chains
  with four or more atoms can form branches rather
  than straight chains
• Structural isomers compounds with the same
  molecular formula but different bonding
  arrangements also known as resonance structures

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Nomenclature of Alkanes

1. Find the longest carbon chain and use the number
   of carbon atoms

http//image.tutorvista.com/content/organic-chemis
try/alkanes-nomenclature.gif
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Nomenclature of Alkanes

• Number the carbon atoms with the lowest number at
  the closest substituent
• Name the substituent groups and if there is more
  than one group list them in alphabetical order
  with the carbon number attached
• Alkyl group removing an H atom from an alkane to
  form a substituent group

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Cycloalkanes

• Cycloalkanes are rings or cycles of alkanes
• These are shown as simple polygons when they are
  drawn
• Rings with less than five atoms are considered
  unstable
• Most cycloalkanes behave like unsaturated
  hydrocarbons

http//www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/cy
clos.gif
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Alkane Reactions

• Alkanes are relatively unreactive because of
  their stable state
• Combustion basic reaction for use of fuels

http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/onlcourse/chm110/labs
/world3images/lab2b.GIF
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Alkenes

• An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double carbon
  carbon bond

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d
/Ethylene-2D.png
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Alkene

• There are several isomers that exists for an
  alkene when there are four or more carbon atoms
• Geometric isomers compounds that have the same
  molecular formula and the same groups bonded but
  different spatial arrangements results from the
  carbon carbon double bonds resistance to twisting

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Alkynes

• An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple
  carbon carbon bond
• These compounds are highly reactive

http//wikipremed.com/image_science_archive_th/030
101_th/197600_800px-Acetylene-2D_68.jpg
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Are planar rings with a sigma and pi bond
• Chart of common aromatic ring systems are on page
  977

http//www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/courseinfo/chem1002/
Image20.gif
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Functional Groups Alcohols and Ethers

• A functional group is a site of reactivity in an
  organic molecule that controls how a molecule
  behaves and functions
• See page 980 for reference to chart

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Alcohols

• Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in which one
  or more hydrocarbons of a parent hydrocarbon have
  been replaced by an OH (hydroxyl group)

http//z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/f/m/aceticacid.
jpg
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Ethers

• Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbon
  groups are bonded to one oxygen can be formed
  from two molecules of alcohol by splitting out a
  molecule of water

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e
/Dimethyl-ether-2D-flat.png
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Compounds with a Carbonyl Group

• A carbonyl group is a functional group that
  contains a carbon oxygen double bond
• C O
• Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen atom
  attached to the molecule
• Ketones Occurs at the interior of a carbon
  chain, therefore enclosed by carbon atoms

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Aldehydes and Ketones

• Aldehyde
• Ketone
• http//www.chemistry-drills.com/icons/1.JPG
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48
  /Ketone-general.png

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Carboxylic Acids

• These acids contain the carboxyl functional group
  (-COOH) and can be produced by the oxidation
  of alcohols

http//www.biology.lsu.edu/introbio/Link2/fatty20
acids.gif
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Esters

• Carboxylic acid that undergo condensation
  reaction with alcohols
• Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base
  is called saponification

http//www.wiredchemist.com/images/structure5.gif
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Amines and Amides

• Amines are organic bases and amides are the
  products of a condensation reaction between an
  amine and a carboxylic acid

http//z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/r/s/tertiaryami
negroup.jpg