What is meant by the term Organic?

1

• What is meant by the term Organic?

2
Page 2
3
Characteristics of organic compounds

• Formed as a result almost exclusively of covalent
  bonding
• Generally nonpolar ? Generally insoluble in water
• usually soluble in nonpolar solvents (other
  organic compounds)
• Non-electrolytes except organic acids which are
  weak electrolytes
• Have low melting points (due to weak
  intermolecular forces that hold them together)
• The great number of carbons leads to a higher
  melting point.

4
Characteristics of organic compounds, (continued)

• Have slower reaction rates than inorganic
  compounds
• covalent bonds within organic molecules are
  strong
• activation energies are high
• catalysts are often used to increase reaction
  rates

5
How can we describe Hydrocarbons?
6

• Hydrocarbons
• Definition - compounds composed of only hydrogen
  and carbon
• There are so many hydrocarbons found in nature
  nearly impossible to study all! They are grouped
  in Homologous series.
• Homologous series - group of organic compounds
  with similar properties and related structures
  (differ from each other by CH3)

7
3 Important Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons

1. Alkanes
2. Alkenes
3. Alkynes

8

• Aliphatic - hydrocarbon chains
• Saturated
• Definition - has no bonds that can be broken to
  add extra hydrogen
• called Alkanes
• family of hydrocarbons with all single bonds
• general formula CnH2n2
• named with suffix "ANE
• Table P Organic Prefixes
• As the number of carbons increases, the boiling
  point increases.

9
TAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE

• Name and draw the first ten Alkanes
• Go to table P and look at the prefix for the
  number of carbons
• 1 carbon is Meth
• All alkanes end in ane
• meth and ane
• Methane
• 2 carbons is Eth
• All alkanes end in ane
• eth and ane
• Ethane

10
The First Ten Straight-Chain Hydrocarbons
11
The First Ten Straight-Chain Hydrocarbons
12
Page 3
13
What are theUnsaturated Hydrocarbons?
14

• Unsaturated - has double or triple bonds that can
  be broken to add more hydrogen
• Alkenes
• family of hydrocarbons with at least one double
  bond
• general formula CnH2n
• named with suffix "ENE
• Starts with Ethene.

15
AlkenesTAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE

• Draw the first nine Alkenes
• Go to table P and look at the prefix for the
  number of carbons
• 2 carbons is Eth
• All alkenes end in ene
• eth and ene
• Ethene
• 3 carbons is Prop
• All alkenes end in ene
• prop and ene
• Propene

16
Alkenes TAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE

• Draw the first nine Alkenes
• Go to table P and look at the prefix for the
  number of carbons
• 4 carbons is But
• All alkenes end in ene
• but and ene
• Butene

17
Alkenes
18
Alkynes

• Alkynes
• family of hydrocarbons with one triple bond
• general formula CnH2n-2
• named with suffix "YNE
• Starts with Ethyne.

19
Alkynes

• Draw the first nine Alkynes
• Go to table P and look at the prefix for the
  number of carbons
• 2 carbons is Eth
• All alkenes end in yne
• eth and yne
• Ethyne
• 3 carbons is Prop
• All alkenes end in yne
• prop and yne
• Propyne

20

• Packet Page 4

21
With this ring I,get confused?
22
The Benzene Series (Aromatic hydrocarbons)
The benzene series consists of molecules which
are cyclic in nature. The general formula is
CnH2n-6.
23
(No Transcript)
24
Toluene or Methylbenzene C7H8
25
Alkylderivatives of Benzene
26
Page 5 Practice
27
Aim How can we name organic compounds?

• We have rules!!!!
• YAY!!!!!!!!!!!

28

• Rule 1 Find the longest continuous chain

29

• Rule 2 Assign numbers to each C atom in the
  longest chain, starting at the end with the
  attached group.

30

• Rule 3 If more than one of the same types of
  group is attached to the main chain prefixes are
  used to identify the attached groups.

31

• Rule 4 When naming alkenes or alkynes the
  carbon with the double/triple bond, the carbon
  number with the double/triple bond must be
  identified in the name.

32

• Packet Pages 10-11

33
Aim How can we represent organic compounds?
34
What are we showing in the following pictures?
35
Different ways to represent one compound

• Molecular Formula
• Structural Formula
• Condensed Structural Formula
• Ball-and-Stick Model
• Space-Filling Model

36
Molecular Formula

• Shows the kind and number of atoms in a compound.
• Example CH4 or C2H6
• Tells us that there are carbon and hydrogen
  atoms. For methane, there are 4 hydrogens for 1
  carbon atom.

37
Structural Formula

• In addition, shows the bonding patterns and
  two-dimensional view.
• For example

38
Condensed Structural Formula

• Written structural formula
• For example Methane CH4
• Ethane CH3CH3

39
Ball-and-Stick Model

• Shows a 3D structure of the compound
• Example

40
Space-Filling Model

• Shows the actual structure of the compound
• Example

41
Molecules Models of Organic Hydrocarbons
Fig 8.4
42
Isomers

• Isomers When a molecular formula can be
  represented by more than one structural
  arrangement
• Isomers have the same molecular formula, but
  different physical and chemical properties.
• As the of carbon atoms increases, so does the
  of possible isomers

43
Isomers

• How would you draw the structural formula for a 4
  carbon hydrocarbon?

44
Structural Isomers of Butane
Fig 8.5
45
Isomer Practice

• Draw 3 Isomers for 5 and 6 carbon Alkanes.
• Be sure you have the correct number of hydrogens.

46
What are the variousFunctional Groups?
47
Functional Groups

• Atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen
  atoms in a hydrocarbon.
• This will form new compounds?
• They have distinct physical and chemical
  properties.
• There are 9 functional groups
• All found on Table R!

48
C, H and O

• Alcohols (R-OH)
• ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, (rubbing alcohol)
• Ethers (R-O-R)
• dimethyl ether (old anaesthetic)
• Ketones
• acetone (nail polish remover)
• Aldehydes (a ketone with at least one R H)
• formaldehyde
• Esters
• many fine odours
• Carboxylic acids
• acetic acid
• Carbohydrates
• (CH2O)n, glucose, starch, cellulose

49
1. Halides

• A Halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen
  on a hydrocarbon.
• Used as organic solvents
• General Formula R-X (X Halogen R Alkyl
  group)
• Add fluoro for F Designate the location of
• Chloro for Cl the halide with 1,2 etc
• Bromo for Br
• Iodo for I

2-fluoropropane
50
2. Alcohols

• Organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen
  atoms are replaced by an OH group.
• -OH group is called a hydroxyl group.
• NOT A BASE!
• They are nonelectrolytes (Do not form ions in
  solution).
• Polar substances
• General Formula R-OH
• Naming Position of OH group must be assigned
  -ANE ending changes to OL.

51
Classification of Alcohols

• There are primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon
  atoms
• Primary Carbon Attached to one carbon only
• Secondary Attached to two carbon atoms
• Tertiary Attached to three carbon atoms.

52
Alcohols
ol ending
53
3. Aldehydes

• Organic compounds in which a carbonyl group (CO)
  is found on the end carbon (a primary carbon)
• Naming Substitute AL in place of final E of
  alkane name.
• General Formula

Propanal
54
4. Ketones

• CO group is on the inside of a hydrocarbon
• Naming Substitute ONE in place of final E of
  alkane name.
• General Formula

Propanone
55
5. Ethers

• Two carbon chains are joined together by an
  oxygen atom
• Naming name the alkyl groups and add ether at
  the end.
• General Formula R-O-R

Methyl ethyl Ether
56
6. Organic Acids

• Organic compounds that have a Carboxyl group
  (-COOH)
• Naming Substitute OIC ACID in place of final E
  in alkane name.
• Ethanoic acid Acetic acid
• General Formula

Ethanoic Acid
57
Carboxylic Acids
58
3-methyl-2-hexanoic acidarmpit in a jar
59
Isovaleric acidlocker room concentrate
60
4-ethyloctanoic acidwet male goat
61
7. Esters

• General Formula
• Have strong aromas for example, flavorings in
  bananas, wintergreen, oranges.

62
The fine smell of esters
63
8. Amines

• Formed when one or more of the hydrogens in
  ammonia is replaced by an alkyl group
• Naming Substitute AMINE in place of final E of
  alkane name.
• General Formula

64
9. Amides

• Formed by the combination of 2 amino acids
• General Formula
• Form proteins
• Naming Replace final E with -AMIDE

65
Functional Groups
66
Packet Pages 13-15
67
Aim How do organic compounds react?

• Do Now Name the Functional Group
• 1. CH3COOH
• 2. CH3COOCH3
• 3. CH3CHO

68
Which one is faster?

• Making Wine or Dissolving Alka Seltzer in water?

69
Organic Reactions

• Occur more slowly than inorganic reactions
  because of the covalent bonds.
• There are 7 types of Organic Reactions.

70
Substitution

• Involves the replacement of 1 or more of the
  hydrogen atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon with
  another atom or group
• C2H6 Cl2 C2H5Cl HCl

71
Addition

• Involves adding 1 or more atoms at a double or
  triple bond
• Ethene Chlorine 1,2
  dichloroethane

72
Fermentation

• A chemical process in which yeast cells secrete
  the enzyme zymase and break down glucose into
  carbon dioxide and ethanol

73
Esterification

• Reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol
  to produce an ester plus water

Ethanoic acid Ethanol Water Ethyl
ethanoate
74
Saponification

• When an ester reacts with an inorganic base to
  produce an alcohol and a soap

Fat Base Glycerol Soap
75
Combustion

• Almost all organic compounds will combust , or
  burn
• Compound Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
  Water

76
Polymerization

• Polymers Organic compounds made up of chains of
  smaller units (monomers) covalently bonded
  together.
• Polymerization Formation of these large polymer
  molecules.
• Examples of Natural Polymers Cellulose,
  Proteins, Starch
• Synthetic Polymers Nylon Rayon

77
Addition Polymerization

• Joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds

78
Condensation Polymerization

• Bonding of monomers by removing water from
  hydroxyl groups and joining monomers by an ether
  or ester linkage

79
Summary Identify the Reaction

• C2H6 Cl2 C2H5Cl HCl
• C6H12O6 2C2H5OH 2CO2
• CH3COOH CH3OH CH3COOCH3 H2O
• nC2H4 (C2H4)n

80
Packet Pages 29-32
81
Aim How can we review Organic Chemistry for our
test?
82
Carbon

• Carbon forms four bonds always!
• Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds.
• Single Saturated
• Double or Triple Unsaturated
• Carbon can covalently bond to other carbon atoms.

83
Hydrocarbons

• Have hydrogen and carbon atoms only!
• Homologous Series Members that have similar
  properties.
• 3 Types Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

84
Alkane

• All single bonds
• All end in ane
• Each member differs by 1 carbon and 2 hydrogen
  atoms.
• General Formula Cn H2n 2

85
Alkene

• Has at least one double bond
• All end in ene.
• General Formula CnH2n

86
Alkyne

• Has at least one triple bond
• All end in yne.
• General Formula CnH2n-2

87
Formulas

• Molecular
• Shows the kind and number of atoms in a compound.
• Example CH4 or C2H6

• Structural
• In addition, shows the bonding patterns and
  two-dimensional view.

88
Isomers

• Isomers When a molecular formula can be
  represented by more than one structural
  arrangement
• Isomers have the same molecular formula, but
  different physical and chemical properties.
• As the of carbon atoms increases, so does the
  of possible isomers

89
Functional Groups

• Found on Table R!
• Alcohols Can be classified in two ways
• Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary (with ONE -OH
  group only)!
• 1 OH Monohydroxy
• 2 -OH Dihydroxy
• 3 OH Trihydroxy

90
Organic Reactions

• 7 Types Need to know reactants products.
• Combustion
• Substitution
• Addition
• Esterification
• Saponification
• Fermentation
• Polymerization Addition Condensation

91
Organic Reactions

• Occur more slower than inorganic reactions. Why?
• Review Covalent bonds have low melting and
  boiling points, are poor conductors, and are
  nonpolar substances.

92
Number of Possible Isomers for Selected Alkanes
93
Some Common Alkyl Groups
94
Naming Alkanes
95
Cis-Trans Isomerism
Does the term trans have anything to do
with the topic of trans-fats we have been
hearing a lot about recently?
96
Different Ways of Representing the Alkane Ethyne