Aquaculture Overview

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AquacultureOverview

• LaDon Swann
• Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium
• Auburn University

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Definition

• Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic
  organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans
  and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of
  intervention in the rearing process to enhance
  production, such as regular stocking, feeding,
  protection from predators, etc. Farming also
  implies individual or corporate ownership of the
  stock being cultivated.

SOURCE FAO FISHERIES CIRCULAR NO. 815 REVISION
8, 1996
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Aquacultures Justification
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Advantages of Aquaculture

• Aquaculturists can improve both the fish and the
  production methods
• Commercial fishers can do little about the fish
  and must concentrate on improving fishing gear
  and methods
• Aquaculture is an important source of employment
• The bulk of aquaculture production is composed of
  a small number of species
• In 2000, 29 species accounted for 78 percent of
  production.
• Other species from among the several thousand
  that are exploited by capture fisheries could
  eventually be farmed
• The appropriate legal framework for most modern
  aquaculture technologies is known

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2003 Foreign Trade Deficit

• Imports
• 11.1 billion (edible)
• 4.9 billion pounds
• 40 from aquaculture
• Exports
• 3.3 billion (edible)
• 2.4 billion pounds
• Deficit
• 7.8 billion
• 2.5 billion pounds

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World Production
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World Production Trends

• According to FAO statistics aquaculture's
  contribution to global supplies of fish,
  crustaceans and molluscs
• Increased from 3.9 percent of total production by
  weight in 1970 to 27.3 percent in 2000.
• Aquaculture is growing more rapidly than all
  other animal food producing sectors.
• Worldwide, the sector has increased at an average
  compounded rate of 9.2 percent per year since
  1970
• Only 1.4 percent increase for capture fisheries
  and
• 2.8 percent for terrestrial farmed meat
  production systems

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World Aquaculture Production

• In 2000 World aquaculture production of fish,
  crustaceans and molluscs
• 35.6 million tons in 2000 - 6.5 increase since
  1999
• US 50.9 billion, representing - 5.6 increase
  since 1999
• China has the largest aquaculture production
• 24.6 million ton (69 of world production)
• US 24.1 billion (47 of world value due to value
  of carps)
• If you exclude China, then World Aquaculture
  production of fish, crustaceans and molluscus
• 11.0 million tons - 3.3 increase since 1999
• US 26.7 million - 4.7 increase since 1999
• In 2000 aquaculture provided 27.3 of global
  fisheries
• Excluding China - 12.4 of global fisheries
  production.
• Indications that Chinese production statistics
  have been over-estimated since the 1990s

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World Production
Commercial Catch
Aquaculture
SOURCE USDC/NOAA/NMFS CURRENT FISHERIES
STATISTICS 9600, 2002
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World Aquaculture Production by Water Types in
2000
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World Production by Species Groups and
Environment in 2000
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Aquaculture Production in Marine and Inland
Waters
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World Production Compared to Chinese Production
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World Aquaculture Production by Major Species
Groups in 2000
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Trend of World Production by Major Species Groups
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Consumption
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World Per Capita Consumption

• The total food fish supply for the world
  excluding China has been growing at a rate of
  about 2.4 per annum since 1961
• 25.2 million tons in 1961 to 62.9 million tons in
  2000
• The population has been expanding at 1.8 per
  annum
• Since the late 1980s population growth for the
  world excluding China has occasionally outpaced
  total food fish supply
• Resulting in a decrease in per capita fish supply
  from 14.6 kg per capita in 1987 to 13.1 kg in
  2000.
• For China, the corresponding figures are
• 6.4 per annum increase for food fish supply
• 1.7 for the population.

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Aquacultures Contribution to Per Capita
Consumption

• 2/3 of the total food fish supply is obtained
  from fishing in marine and inland waters
• The remaining 1/3 is derived aquaculture
• The contribution of commercial capture fisheries
  to per caput food supply has stabilized
• 10-11 kg per capita in the period 1970-2000
• The contribution of aquaculture (except China) to
  per capita food availability
• 0.5 kg in 1970 to 1.8 kg in 2000
• at an average rate of 4.5 per annum.
• In China the per capita supply from aquaculture
  has increased from 1 kg to 19 kg in the same
  period (average growth of 11 per year)

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Per Capita Consumption
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Per-Capita Consumption
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Aquacultures Contribution to World Protein
Supply
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Nutritional Comparisons
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US Aquaculture
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1995 Farm Bill Proposal

• Aquaculture is poised to become a major growth
  industry.

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U.S. Aquaculture1998

• Food Fish Production increased
• 308 million pounds in 1992
• 768 million pounds in 1998
• Farm-gate value increased
• 261 million in 1992
• 978 million in 1998
• (NMFS and NASS,1999)

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U.S. Aquaculture1998

• Farm Gate Value 978 Million
• Total Value 5.6 Billion
• 181,000 Full-time Jobs
• Fastest Growing Sector Of U.S. Agriculture

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Aquaculture Sales
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Value by Category
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Top States
Source 1998 Census of Aquaculture, USDA-NASS
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Production States
NORTH CENTRAL
NORTHEASTERN
WESTERN
Perch Striped Bass Tilapia Trout
Salmon Oysters Clams Striped Bass
Trout Salmon Shellfish Striped Bass Tilapia
Ornamentals Cobia Shrimp
Catfish Striped Bass Tilapia Clams
SOUTHERN
TROPICAL SUBTROPICAL
Ornamentals, Food and Shellfish
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Agriculture vs. Aquaculture

• Variable body temperature
• Better converters of foodstuffs
• Requires less energy for body support

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1 lb feed 1 lb fish
2
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Species Selection

• Producers expertise
• Water supply and climate
• Species biology
• Marketability
• Production methods
• Production economics

?
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Water Temperature

• Warmwater Range
• Cobia
• Flounder
• Red Drum
• Snapper
• Oysters

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Water Temperature

• Coolwater Range
• Flounder
• Scallops
• Oysters
• Sea Bass

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Water Temperature

• Coldwater Range
• Atlantic Salmon
• Blue Mussels
• Oysters
• Abalone

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Types of Aquaculture

• Food
• Bait
• Ornamentals
• Stock Enhancement
• Sport
• Fee Fishing

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Food
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Food Fish Species

• Catfish
• Tilapia
• Atlantic Salmon
• Shrimp
• Shellfish
• Cobia
• Snapper

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Bait
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Baitfish Species

• Fathead minnows
• Golden shiners
• Brown Shrimp
• Mullet
• Bull minnows

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StockEnhancement
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Stock Enhancement
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Pond and Lake Stockings
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Pond Stocking Species

• Channel catfish
• Largemouth bass
• Bluegill
• Redear sunfish
• Yellow perch
• Trout

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Ornamentals
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Ornamental Species

• Goldfish
• Angelfish
• Crustaceans
• Guppies
• South American Catfish
• Clown fish
• 100s more

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Fee Fishing
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Fee Fishing

• Long-term leases
• Day leases or ticket lakes
• Fish-out or by the pound ponds

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Biological Supply Houses
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Production Methods

• Ponds
• Cagesand pens
• Raceways
• Closedre-use systems

Source 1998 Census of Aquaculture, USDA-NASS
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Levee Ponds
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Production Phase Definition

• Securing and spawning of brood stock
• Hatching of eggs
• Growing fry to produce fingerlings
• Stocking and grow-out of fingerlings to
  marketable size

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Ponds
Spawning
0.1 acre

• Spawning
• Broodstock
• Hatching of eggs
• Fingerling
• Grow-out to market size

Fingerling
1 acre
Food size
20 acre
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Carrying Capacity

• Maximum weight that an area can support expressed
  either as lbs/acre or lbs/gal/min

Feed and aeration 2,000 - 8000 lbs/acre
Feed 2,0000 lbs/acre
300 lbs/acre
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Cages and Pens
4 feet
4 feet
4 feet
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Cage and Net Pen Culture

• Allows existing bodies of water for production
• Lakes
• Bays
• Offshore
• Low to high investment
• Decrease in production rates versus open ponds

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Raceways
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Raceways

• Yield
• 15-20,000 lbs for every 500 gallon/min flow.

Concrete Raceway
Earthen Raceway
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Water Re-use Systems
H2O
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RAS Layout
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Tilapia RAS
Biological Filters
Solids Filter
Tank
Aeration