The Beginning of the TwentiethCentury Crisis: War and Revolution

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The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis
War and Revolution
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2
The Road to World War I

• Nationalism and Internal Dissent
• Rivalries over colonies
• Nationalism
• Socialist labor movements create fear nations on
  the eve of revolution
• Militarism
• Conscription
• Russia an army of 1.3 million
• France and Germany, 900,000
• Influence of military leaders
• Complex military plans
• Inflexibility of military plans

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The Outbreak of War Summer of 1914

• Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create
  a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans
• Assassination of Francis Ferdinand
• Bosnian activist working for a Serbian terrorist
  organization with an aim for a pan-Slavic kingdom
• Austria-Hungary sought German support for fear of
  Russias alliance with Serbia
• Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914
• Germany declared war on Russia August, 1, 1914

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Impact of the Schlieffen Plan

• Because Russia and France had a military alliance
  since 1894, General Alfred von Schlieffen devised
  a two-front military plan on both countries
• First, invade and defeat France, then deploy
  German army to the east against Russia
• Germany declared war on France
• Britain declared war on Germany
• August 4 all great powers of Europe were at war

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Europe in 1914
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The Great War

• 1914-1915 Illusions and Stalemate
• Visions of the war
• Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
• First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
• Russian failures
• Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
• Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
• Driven out of Galicia and Serbia
• Italy enters the war on the Allied side

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The Schlieffen Plan
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World War I, 1914-1918
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1916 1917 The Great Slaughter

• Trench warfare
• No mans land
• No plan for fighting a trench war
• Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed
• Horrors of trench warfare

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World War I, contd

• Entry of the United States
• Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915
• German return to unrestricted submarine warfare
• United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
• Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

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The Widening of the War

• Ottoman Empire took Germanys side
• Russia, Great Britain, and France declared war on
  Ottoman
• Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
• Bulgaria entered the war, September 1915, on the
  side of the Central Powers (Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, Ottoman)
• A Global Conflict
• Italy enters the war, May 1915, against
  Austria-Hungary
• In the Middle East, Lawrence of Arabia incited
  Arab princes against Ottoman
• British mobilized forces from India, Australia,
  and New Zealand
• Allies seize German colonies in Africa --
  Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, and
  German East Africa, Pacific
• Allied governments used Africans as soldiers and
  labor
• Chinese and Indochinese were used to work in
  European factories as laborers
• Japan joined Allies to seize control of German
  territories in Asia
• Japan took German territories in China, Marshall,
  Mariana, and Caroline Islands

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Soldiers from Around the World
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The Home Front The Impact of Total War

• Political Centralization and Economic
  Regimentation
• With great demands for men and material,
  governments extended their powers
• Drafted tens of millions of young men
• Free market systems shelved so governments could
  test price, wage, and rent controls
• Food supplies and materials rationed
• Nationalized transportation systems and industries

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Control of Public Opinion

• Casualties grew
• Patriotic enthusiasm waned
• Government took strenuous measures to fight
  opposition
• Expansion of police measures to stifle dissent
• Use of propaganda to arouse enthusiasm

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Women in the War Effort

• New role for women
• Took over male jobs and responsibilities, even
  chimney sweeps and truck drivers
• Wages increased but never equaled mens
• Jobs not secure
• After war, governments removed women from jobs
• Wages were lowered
• Positive impact womens movement for political
  emancipation
• Right to vote (Britain in 1918, later in Germany
  and Austria)
• Women took jobs, had apartments, smoked in
  public, wore shorter dresses, adopted radical
  hairstyles

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Territorial Changes in Europe and Middle East
After World War I
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Crisis in Russia and the End of the War

• The Russian Revolution
• Problems of Tsar Nicholas II
• Military problems
• Influence of Rasputin
• The March Revolution
• Strikes led by women with soldiers in Petrograd,
  March, 1917
• Provisional government, Alexander Kerensky,
  continued war
• Government faced soviets, or councils of workers
  and soldiers deputies, who sprang up in army
  units, factory towns, and rural areas
• Soviets were from the lower classes with radical
  interests and largely groups of socialists,
  including Bolsheviks

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Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution

• Vladimir Ulianov Lenin (1870-1824)
• Bolsheviks a party dedicated to revolution which
  can destroy the capitalist system
• Exiled in Switzerland, German shipped Lenin to
  Russia to create disorder
• Bolsheviks promised masses redistribution of
  land to peasants, transfer of factories and
  industries from capitalists to workers,
  relegation of government power from Provisional
  Government to soviets
• Bolshevik programs three slogans
• Peace, Land, Bread
• Worker Control of Production
• All Power to the Soviets
• Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7,
  1917
• Bolsheviks were renamed the Communists
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 giving up
  Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic Provinces
• Promised peace, but country sank into civil war

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Lenin and Trotskypg 500
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Civil War

• Opposition to Communist regime from groups loyal
  to tsar, bourgeois and aristocratic liberals, and
  anti-Leninst socialists
• Allied Troops sent to Russia to fight Communist
  (Red) Army
• White army from Siberia defeated
• Urkraine retaken, along with Caucasus Georgia,
  Russian Armenia, and Azerbaijan
• How the Bolsheviks won? Leon Trotsky
• war communism, revolutionary terror, Red
  secret police unleashed Red Terror, chekka
• Allied intervention
• Communist regime transformed Russia into a
  bureaucratically centralized state with a single
  party

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The Last Year of the War

• Last German offensive, March - July, 1918
• Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne,
  July 18, 1918
• William II abdicated, November 9, 1918
• Armistice, November 11, 1918
• The Casualties of War
• Devastated European civilization
• 8-9 million soldiers dead, 22 million wounded
• Birthrate declined
• Lost generation of war veterans
• Civilians died from war injuries and starvation
• 600,000 Armenians killed, 500,000 deported with
  400,000 dying on their way to safe haven

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The Peace Settlement

• Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied
  nations
• Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
• Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his
  nations security
• Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to punish
  Germany
• Agreement to create the League of Nations

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The Treaty of Versailles

• Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria,
  Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most
  important being the Treaty of Versailles with
  Germany
• Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919
• Article 231, War Guilt Clause
• Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy,
  eliminate the air force
• Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections
  of Prussia given to Poland
• Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

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The Other Peace Treaties

• Territorial changes in Europe
• Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears
• Germany and Russia lose territory
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
• As a result of compromises, virtually every
  eastern European state was left with a minorities
  problem
• Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire
• Mandates
• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while
  Britain received Iraq and Palestine

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The Search for Stability

• Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security
• Weaknesses of the League of Nations
• Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921
• Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr
  valley
• Dawes Plan, August 1924
• Treaty of Locarno, 1925
• Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
• Disarmament

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The Great Depression

• Two events set the stage for the depression
• Problems in domestic economies
• International financial crisis
• Problems of the 1920s
• Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
• World wide problems
• High unemployment
• Bank failures
• Governments relied on
• Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising
  tariffs
• Increased involvement of the government into
  economics
• Renewed interest in Marxist principles

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The Great Depression Bread Lines in Paris
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The Democratic States

• Britain
• John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
• Keynes argued for putting people to work
• Called for deficit spending
• France
• Governmental problems
• Popular Front
• Germany
• Weimar Republic
• Runaway inflation, 1922-1923
• Prosperity from 1924-1929
• United States
• New Deal
• Works Progress Administration (WPA)
• Social reforms

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Socialism in Soviet Russia

• Problems facing Russia after the Civil War
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
• Modified capitalism
• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)
• Womens rights and social welfare
• Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power
• The Politburo
• Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
• Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival
• By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and
  seized power

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In Pursuit of a New Reality Cultural and
Intellectual Trends

• Breakdown of middle-class values
• Changes toward sexuality
• Nightmares and New Visions
• Abstract painting
• Dadaism
• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
• Surrealism
• Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
• Probing the Unconscious
• James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
• Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
• Mass entertainment

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Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada
Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch
of Germany
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Discussion Questions

• What were the long-range and immediate causes of
  World War II?
• What were the causes of the Russian Revolution of
  1917, and why did the Bolsheviks prevail in the
  civil war and gain control of Russia?
• What was the relationship between World War I and
  the Russian Revolution?