Biology EOC Review Goal 2

1
Biology EOC Review Goal 2
2
Goal 2 Develop an Understanding of the
Physical, Chemical and Cellular Basis of Life

• 2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and
  functions of the following Organic Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids

3
Characteristics of Living Things

• Composed of Cells
• Adapt
• Reproduce
• Respond to Stimuli
• Metabolized
• Organized
• Grow
• (CARSMOG)

4
Organic Compounds Lab
5
Organic Contains carbon-carbon Bonds
6

Monomer single subunit
Dimer
2 subunits
Polymermany

7
(No Transcript)
8
Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

9
Carbohydrates (continued)

• Disaccharides
• sucrose (glucose fructose)
• Maltose (glucose glucose)
• Lactose (glucose galactose)

10
Carbohydrates (continued)

• Polysaccharides
• Starch (storage form of glucose in plants)
• Cellulose (structural glucose in plant cell
  walls)
• Glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals)

11
(No Transcript)
12
Lipids

• Lipids are water insoluble and include
  triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, and
  steroids.  Involved  with long-term energy
  storage, cell membranes.

13
(No Transcript)
14
Proteins

• Have a wide variety of functions. Monomers are
  amino acids (contain Nitrogen).
• Examples of proteins
• Insulin (hormone that controls blood sugar
  levels)
• Enzymes (speed up biological reactions)
• Hemoglobin (carries oxygen on red blood cells)

15
Shape of protein determines functionOrder of
amino acids determines shape
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
Sample Questions (2.01)

• A student tested different foods to determine
  which organic compounds were present
• All tests were performed on skim milk.
  Benedicts and Biurets changed color and the
  other tests were negative. Which compounds were
  in skim milk? A. sugar and protein, B. fat and
  sugar, C. sugar and starch, D. starch and protein

20

• 2. Enzymes are classified as which of the
  following biological organic compounds?
• Carbohydrates B. Lipids
• C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins

21

• 3. Individuals who lack lactase are unable to
  break down the sugar lactose. Which term best
  describes lactase?
• Enzyme
• Fatty acid
• Lipid
• Starch

22

• 4. The brown paper test for lipids is when food
  is placed on the paper when food is placed on the
  paper and a spot forms which light passes
  through. Which food would give the most positive
  test for lipids?
• Potato chips
• Bread
• Sugar
• Carrots

23

• 5. Human red blood cells that lack suffieient
  hemoglobin would have a low amount of what
  substance?
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Calcium
• Oxygen

24

• Radioactive dating can be conducted if remains
  are of previously living material. Which group
  consists entirely of materials that can be dated
  in this way?
• bone, clay, ashes, logs
• Flint, clay, seeds, peat
• Ashes, bone, seeds, teeth
• Granite, coal, bone, leather

25

• 7. All living things can do which of the
  following?
• React to stimuli
• Carry out photosynthesis
• Communicate
• Move

26
2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and
function of cells, including organelles, cell
specialization and communication
27
Cell Theory

• Cells are the basic unit of life
• All living things are made of cells
• All cells come from other cells

28

• All cells have the following parts
• 1. DNA - the genetic material 2. Plasma membrane
  - a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that
  separates the cell from the surrounding
  environment and functions as a selective barrier
  for the import and export of materials3.
  Cytoplasm4. Ribosomes - protein synthesis

29
The 2 main cell types are

• Prokaryotic do NOT have a nucleus or
  membrane-bound organelles. Only bacteria have
  prokaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic have a nucleus and membrane-bound
  organelles. All cells EXCEPT bacteria are
  eukaryotic.

30
(No Transcript)
31
Eukaryotic Cells

• Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are all
  eukaryotes.

32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

• Plant cells have a cell wall
• Plant cells have chloroplasts
• Plant cells have a tonoplast (LARGE central
  vacuole)
• Animal cells have centrioles

35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
Cell Structures and Functions

• Nucleus contains DNA, controls cell activity by
  storing genetic information
• Plasma membrane semi-permeable phospholipid
  bilayer. Maintains homeostasis in cells by
  controlling what enters and leaves.
• Cell wall protects cells from bursting
• Mitochondria make ATP (energy)
• Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis
• Ribosomes site of protein synthesis

39
Endosymbiosis

• Is the theory that mitochondria evolved from
  aerobic prokaryotes and chloroplasts evolved from
  autotrophic prokaryotes.
• Developed by Lynn Margulis
• Evidence mitochondria and chloroplasts both
  have DNA and ribosomes and both divide
  independently of cells (like bacteria), and have
  double membranes.

40
Organization
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
Microscopes

• Compound light microscope
• Scanning electron microsope
• Transmission electron microscope

46
Compound Light Microscope
47
Interactive tutorial on magnification
48
Goal 2.02 Sample Questions
49

• Some organelles have their own DNA that is
  distinct from the cells nuclear DNA. This is
  true of which organelle?
• Cell wall
• Mitochondrion
• Plasma membrane
• Vacuole

50

• 2. Pollen in most plants is most similar to which
  type of cell in humans?
• Egg
• Embryo
• Sperm
• Zygote

51

• 3. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the
  structures shown below?

52

• 4. What is the function of the cell nucleus?
• To remove waste products
• To make proteins
• To control cell activity
• To allow molecules to enter the cell

53

• 5. All of the following are differences between
  plan and animal cells except which one?
• Cytoplasm
• Centriole
• Cell Wall
• Chloroplast

54

• 6. Consider the following Mitochondria
  resemble bacteria. Mitochondria contain DNA and
  ribosomes. The ribosomes in mitochondria
  resemble those in bacteria. What would be a
  logical interpretation of these findings?
• There are many coincidences in nature.
• Mitochondria might one day become bacteria.
• Mitochondria evolved from a type of bacteria.
• Cells evolved from mitochondria.

55

• 7. Human sperm cells must move rapidly, often
  against gravity, in order to reach the egg before
  they die. Based on this information, which
  organelle would be more abundant in a sperm cell
  than in a skin cell?
• Chloroplasts
• Ribosomes
• Nuclei
• Mitochondria

56
Goal 2.03

• Investigate and analyze the cell as a living
  system including
• Maintenance of homeostasis
• Movement of materials into and out of cells
• Energy use and release in biochemical reactions

57
Homeostasis constant conditions

• Temperature in humans 98.6 degrees F
• Shiver, turn blue, goosebumps to get warm
• Sweat, turn red to get cooler
• pH
• There are Buffers in blood to keep constant pH
• Rate of breathing also regulates pH
• Blood glucose levels
• Insulin is released to lower blood glucose
• Glucagon is released to raise glucose

58
pH Scale

• Measures amount of acid or base in solutions

59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
(No Transcript)
62
Plasma Membrane

• Responsible for cell homeostasis
• Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
  between the lipids.

63
(No Transcript)
64
Transport of Substances Across Membranes

• PassiveDoes NOT require energy (ATP). Moves
  substances HIGH to LOW (with the gradient)
• Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis
• ActiveRequires energy. Moves substances from LOW
  to HIGH (against the gradient)
• Pumps
• Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis

65
(No Transcript)
66
Diffusion

• Movement of any molecules from an area of high
  concentration to lower concentration

67
(No Transcript)
68

• Osmosis movement of water molecules from an
  area of high concentration to an area of lower
  concentration

69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
ATP is Energy for cell activities

• Adenosine TriPhosphate
• Releases energy
• When the 3rd
• Phosphate is released.

74
ATP ADP Cycle
75
Goal 2.03 Questions

• What would happen if an animal cell were placed
  in a fluid containing less salt than inside the
  cell?
• The cell would rupture
• The cytoplasm of the cell would expand
• Osmosis would carry fluid out of the cell
• No change would take place

76

• The cells survive best under acidic conditions
• The cells survive best under basic conditions
• The cells would survive best in distilled water
• The survival of the cells is not affected by pH

77

• 3. Why do cells need buffering agents?
• To function properly in an extremely acid
  internal environment
• To function properly in an extremely basic
  internal environment
• To minimize the changes in pH of the internal
  environment
• To maintain constant internal environment at a pH
  of 10

78

• 4. Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make
  it crisp again. Which statement best describes
  what happens to restore the lettuce to its
  original condition?
• Water left the lettuce cells by diffusion
• Water entered the lettuce cells by osmosis
• Osmosis caused salt to enter the lettuce cells
• Salt in the leaf caused water to leave the cells

79

• 5.Which cell process will move substances against
  a concentration gradient?
• Diffusion
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Osmosis

80
Goal 2.04

• Investigate and describe the structure and
  function of enzymes and explain their importance
  in biological systems.

81
Enzymes

• Proteins that speed up reactions in living things
  (biological catalysts)
• Needed for all biological reactions
• They are not used up in the reactions they
  catalyze (they are re-useable)
• They only fit one substrate (specific)
• They each function best at a certain pH and
  temperature

82
(No Transcript)
83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)
85
(No Transcript)
86
(No Transcript)
87
Goal 2.04 Questions

• 1.Why do most enzymes not function properly after
  being exposed to high temperatures?
• They have been changed to tripeptides
• Their water content has been reduced
• Their bonding structure has been changed
• They have combined with another enzyme

88

• 2. Peroxidase is an enzyme that breaks down
  hydrogen peroxide in cells. It accomplishes this
  because of its structure. What part of the enzyme
  is involved in catalytic activity?
• Binding Pocket
• Pleated Sheet
• Active Site
• Quaternary Structure

89
Goal 2.05

• Investigate and Analyze the Bioenergetic
  Reactions
• Aerobic respiration (with Oxygen)
• Anaerobic respiration (without Oxygen)
• Photosynthesis

90

• General Reaction for Photosynthesis
• (Plants/Autotrophs make food from sunlight)
• Occurs in chloroplasts
• Carbon dioxide Water ? Glucose Oxygen
• or
• 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

91
(No Transcript)
92
Factors that Affect Rate of Photosynthesis

• Water
• Light
• Carbon dioxide
• Temperature

93
Cellular Respiration

• Process by which food is burned for energy
• Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria, with
  oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in cytoplasm, in
  ABSENCE of oxygen (also called fermentation)
• Aerobic respiration makes 36 ATP from each
  glucose molecule
• Anaerobic respiration makes 2 ATP from each
  glucose molecule

94

• General Equation for Aerobic Respiration
• Glucose Oxygen ? Carbon dioxide Water
• or
• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O
• Happens in mitochondria

95
(No Transcript)
96
Anaerobic Respiration

• 2 Kinds
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Makes 2 ATP per glucose molecule

97
Alcoholic fermentation

• Occurs in yeast cells
• Products are alcohol and carbon dioxide

98
Lactic acid fermentation

• Occurs in bacteria and muscle cells
• Product is lactic acid

99
2.05 Questions

• 1.The bacteria that cause tetanus can survive in
  a puncture wound that has healed on the outer
  surface of the skin. Through what process do
  these bacteria get the energy they need to
  survive?
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Chemosyntheis
• Photosynthesi

100

• 2. In terms of ATP production, which process
  results in the most stored energy?
• Aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
• Fermentation
• Photosynthesis

101

• 3. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic
  from anaerobic respiration?
• Only aerobic respiration involves fermentation
• Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the
  mitochondria
• Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen
• Only aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide

102

• 4. Human sperm cells must move rapidly, often
  against gravity, in order to reach the egg before
  they die. Which organelle would be more abundant
  in a sperm than a skin cell?
• Chloroplasts
• Ribosomes
• Nuclei
• Mitochondria

103

• 5. Which most accurately describes the difference
  in ATP production between aerobic respiration and
  anaerobic respiration?
• Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than
  anaerobic.
• Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than
  aerobic.
• Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable
  amounts of ATP
• Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the
  same amount of ATP

104

• 6. Why is anaerobic respiration, in addition to
  aerobic respiration, used by humans during
  strenuous physical activity?
• Because perspiration increases
• Because blood pressure increases
• Because oxygen supply is inadequate
• Because the heart beats faster