BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS

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BIOLOGY REVIEW FOR TAKS

• TAKS Objective 2 Review of Taxonomy,
  Classification, DNA, Organization, cell parts
  and functions

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Biology Objective 2 Review

• Objective 2 - The student will demonstrate an
  understanding of the organization of living
  systems.

• All living things are
• Made of cells.
• Grow and develop.
• Respond to their environment.
• Use energy, and
• Reproduce

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Biological Organization begins with cells . . .

• Cells which work together form tissues
• Tissues layers form organs
• Organs that work together form an ORGAN SYSTEM
• Organ systems work together to maintain
  homeostasis for the organism
• Homeostasis is the proper normal functioning
  conditions of an organism.

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Homeostasis

• In order to maintain a proper body temperature
  sweating occurs in many animals. As air passes
  over sweat, evaporation occurs causing cooling.
• However, members of the canine family can only
  sweat in their paws and pant to release excess
  heat.

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2 types of Cells Without organelles and with
organelles

• Cells without membrane bound organelles are
  Prokaryotic and are bacteria
• Cells with membrane bound organelles are
  Eukaryotic and form Protists, Fungi, Plants and
  Animals

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This is an example of a TAKS question on cell
functions

• 19 The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that
  warms its brain and eyes up to 14C above the
  surrounding water temperature. What structures
  are likely to be found in relatively high
  concentrations in the cells of this organ?
• A Chromosomes
• B Ribosomes
• C Nuclei
• D Mitochondria

What is needed to produce energy?
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Eukaryotic Cells
This is a typical animal cell with its organelles
labeled.
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Cell Part Function
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Plant Cells have it, Animal Cells dont

• Chloroplasts organelle responsible for
  photosynthesis
• Cell Walls a structure outside of the membrane
  to provide support
• Very large vacuoles to store extra water

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This is a typical plant cell

• It contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, a very
  large vacuole.
• Why do plants need large vacuoles?

• ANSWER This is where food and water are stored.
  

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30 Which molecule provides most of the energy
used to drive chemical reactions in cells? F
DNA G RNA H ATP J ADP
Determines the function of a cell, doesnt make
energy.
Reads the DNA into codons, doesnt make energy.
To store the energy, ADP becomes ATP.
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Cell Reproduction

• The Cell Cycle is the life cycle of a cell. It
  has two parts. Mitosis is the process of cell
  division and Interphase is the process of growing
  and functioning.
• During mitosis the chromosomes are separated into
  two new identical sister cells.
• Asexual reproduction is also done by mitosis.

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Reduction division is Meiosis

• In order to maintain the same number of
  chromosomes during sexual reproduction, each
  parent must reduce the number in their gamete by
  half or produce haploid cells.
• Haploid cells are sperm and eggs (ova), or in
  plants, pollen and ovules.

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Transporting into Cells -
Diffusion Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O

• Passive movement from an area of high
  concentration to an area of low concentration is
  diffusion.
• The diffusion of water is called osmosis.

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What is Active Transport?
 
 

• Energy is used to move selected molecules into a
  cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

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Try this one. . .
What effect does too much salt have on a cell?
Why would a cell spend energy to get rid of the
salt? Answer B

• 45 Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their
  body by active transport through the gills. What
  is the result of this activity?
• A The salt becomes more chemically active.
• B Water balance is maintained in the blood.
• C The rate of energy production is decreased.
• D The cell membrane becomes less permeable to
  water.

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Binomial Classification

• Living things are given a two-part scientific
  name. The first part is the Genus which is
  capitalized, and the second part is the species
  which is never capitalized.
• Scientific names are used because the same plant
  or animal in different places may have different
  common names.
• Only those in the same genus can viably breed.
• Your scientific name is Homo sapien

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Taxonomy
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6 Kingdoms the largest groups
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Animal Kingdom

• Multicellular heterotrophic
• This kingdom includes all vertebrates (one major
  phylum) and invertebrates (several phyla)
• Insects, jellyfish, people are all animals

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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular and autotrophic
• Means that all plants perform photosynthesis
• This kingdom includes mosses, ferns, conifers,
  and flowering plants (grasses, fruit trees,
  shrubs, most garden plants, most crops,
  wildflowers)

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Kingdom Fungi

• Multicellular and some single-cells
• Most of these organisms are decomposers
• Includes mushrooms, yeasts and infections like
  athlete's foot

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Kingdoms of Single Cells

• Kingdom Protista largest source of food and
  oxygen for the entire planet. Includes plankton,
  amoeba, and ciliates. Described as Unicellular
  Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotic Kingdoms

• Kingdom Eubacteria normal bacteria found
  everywhere. Some are helpful(are important
  decomposers) and some cause illness. Described
  as Unicellular Prokaryotes
• Kingdom Archeobacteria bacteria found in
  extreme environs such as ocean floor volcanos,
  hot water geyser vents, or salty or low oxygen
  places. Described as Unicellular Prokaryotes from
  extreme environments.

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32 This organism most likely is a member of which
kingdom? F Eubacteria G Protista H Animalia J
Plantae
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2 Some bacteria thrive in hostile
environments, such as salt flats, boiling-hot
springs, and carbonate-rock interiors, primarily
because of bacterias F biochemical
diversity G small sizes H round shapes J methods
of movement
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Structural System - 1

• Bones are to
• Give support structure
• Make blood cells
• Allow movement
• Provide muscle attachments
• Ligaments hold joints together

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Structural System 2

• 3 types of muscles
• Smooth, involuntary
• Striated, voluntary
• Cardiac, heart muscle somewhat like both above
• Allow for movement and are attached by tendons
  above and below joints
• Ligaments hold bones to bones and stabilize joints

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Integumentary System

• Small layers of tissue used to hold organs and/or
  muscles in place.
• This system keeps the intestines wrapped into the
  abdominal space or muscle fibers held in the same
  direction

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29 The diagram represents a human arm.
Which structure is most responsible for moving
the arm to a straighter position? A Tendons of
origin B Biceps C Radius D Triceps
Tendons only hold muscles to the bones, and the
Radius is a bone, it needs muscles to move it.
The bicep pulls up, so it bends the arm, and the
tricep is the one to pull straight. . .
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Nervous System - 1

• Consists of brain and spinal chord
• Somatic, you control and choose
• Autonomic, allows parts to keep functioning
  without you knowing
• Nerve cells send and receive information . .

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Nervous System - 2

• Nerve cells have 3 parts
• Axon Sends signal
• Cell Body controls cell functions
• Dendrite Receives signal from another
• Synapse space between cells
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals that cross the
  synapse to carry messages

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Endocrine System

• Chemical messages sent through the blood
• Slow change and response compared to nervous
  system
• Long term maintenance or scheduling in the
  organism such as mating patterns
• Chemicals, hormones and enzymes are released from
  glands as chemical messages

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Circulatory System - 1

• This system helps to connect many other systems
  as it provides the transport of substances from
  one organ to another.
• Every cell must touch a blood vessel to take in
  what it needs and get rid of waste.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart and
  veins carry it back to the heart.
• The heart pumps the blood

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Digestive System 1

• This system is responsible for providing all
  vitamins, minerals, nutrients and water.
• Saliva has enzymes that begin digestion of
  carbohydrates
• The mouth connects to the esophagus, then to the
  stomach, which churns the food with acid to help
  break it up
• The stomach dumps into the small intestine where
  90 of digestion takes place.
• Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver
  and gall bladder break down the food into useable
  parts.

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Digestive System 3

• Absorption of the amino acids to make proteins,
  glycol and fatty acids to make lipids occur in
  the small intestine
• Water is reabsorbed in the large intestine which
  stores solid waste

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Respiratory System - 1
Nose Sinus Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea

• Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out,
  in the alveoli of the lungs.
• Air is filtered, warmed and moistened in the
  nose, mouth and pharynx.

Lungs Bronchi
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Excretory System

• This system is responsible for cleaning the blood
  and getting rid of liquid wastes.
• The kidneys, located near the lower back, are the
  primary filters, taking out excess water and
  wastes.
• Ureter tubes connect the kidneys to the bladder,
  which stores urine until it is passed out through
  the urethra.

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Immune System - 1

• Your immune system protects you from infections
  and illness
• Your first line of defense is mucus, hair, and
  skin. It protects you in a nonspecific way.
• The second line of defense is all the
• Ways you feel ill, from histamine production
  (allergic reactions), fever and inflammation
  (swelling).
• The Third line of defense is antibodies, created
  by phagocytes, and macrophages that destroy
  invading cells and infected cells. These are
  white blood cells, including T-cells.

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Immune System - 2

• Two main types of immunity
• Natural you got sick, and now your body has
  created antibodies against it. This is
  permanent.
• Acquiredvaccination or immunization shot this is
  temporary, which is why vaccinations must be
  repeated.

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47 Which body system is directly responsible for
delivering nutrients to cells throughout the
body? A Circulatory system B Integumentary
system C Endocrine system D Respiratory system
Only one system transports things to every cell,
and it carries blood. That is the arteries,
veins, and capillaries that are part of the
circulatory system
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Plant Systems

• There are 3 main plant systems
• Reproductive this is the flower structure
• Transport this is the stem and roots and their
  xylem and phloem
• Energy this is the leaf and other areas of
  photosynthesis.

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26 Which of these structures protects a leaf from
drying out? F Q G R H S J T
All the layers are explained next . . .
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Leaf Tissue What happens where?
Waxy, protective
Photosynthesis
Transport water
Stores food H2O
Support protective
Allow gas exchange
Open stomates
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The Stuff of Life

• The structure of DNA is called a double helix, or
  twisted ladder
• The base Guanine always pairs to Cytosine.
  Adenine pairs to Thymine.
• Mutations are caused when these pairings are not
  made.

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45 Which molecule is most responsible
for determining an organisms eye color,
body structure, and cellular enzyme production? A
Complex starch B Fatty acid C Carbohydrate D
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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• DNA is composed of nucleotides, each has 3 parts
  sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base.
• There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA,
  Adenine and Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
  They always pair to form the rungs of the ladder.
  
• The process of copying DNA is called Replication
• All of the information to make a new organism is
  in the chromosomes of every body cell.

DNA
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33 All of the following are found in a DNA
molecule except A carbon dioxide B
deoxyribose C nitrogen D phosphate
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• DNA is so important, it doesnt leave the
  nucleus. RNA acts as a note taker and messenger
  by carrying the instructions from the nucleus to
  the ribosome where the proteins are made.
• Enzymes are proteins which control reactions and
  tell the cell what its function is.
• RNA has no Thymine, it has Uracil as its 4th
  base.
• When its time to make a new cell part . . . .

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Transcription . . .

• Transcription is when messenger RNA reads the DNA
  in the nucleus and then leaves the nucleus as a
  codon to take the information to the ribosome.
• The DNA then wraps back up until next time.

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Translation . . . Code into words

• mRNA takes the code from the nucleus to the
  Ribosome where it pairs with tRNA to put Amino
  Acids into chains called proteins.
• mRNA (codon) pairs to tRNA (anticodon) in the
  ribosomes This protein building is called
  TRANSLATION.

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What does this chart represent?
It says codons, and has U instead of T, so it
must be mRNA.
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Transcription and Translation
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Time to apply what you have learned
. . .means make an exact copy, so where do we
unzip it?

• 1. Part of a DNA strand is represented to the
  right. In order for DNA to replicate, the strand
  must separate at which of the following
  locations?
• F Between every phosphate-sugar pair
• G Between the eight sugar-base pairs
• H Between the four nitrogenous base pairs
• J Between any two chemical bonds

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24 If the template of a strand of DNA is 5'
AGATGCATC 3', the complementary strand will be
F 3' TCTACGTAG 5'G 5' CTACGTAGA 3'H 3'
AGATGCATC 5'J 5' AGACGTCTA 3'
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In DNA A pairs to T and T to A, C pairs to G
and G to C

• 5' AGATGCATC 3
• TCTACGTAG

Answer? F

• Base pair each letter by the above rule.

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Genetics How traits are inherited

• Father of Genetics is Gregor Mendel, he
  experimented with pea plants.
• Dominant traits always are visible, and are
  represented by capital letters.
• Recessive traits only show up when both alleles
  are the recessive one (Homozygous)
• At least one pair of alleles determines the trait
  in genetic inheritance.

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Punnett Squares
Heterzygous (Aa) Heterozygous (Aa)
Aa Aa
Heterzygous (Aa) Homozygous Recessive (aa)
Aa aa
Punnett Squares are a tool to predict the
possible offspring from a parent pair. The
possible pairs are
Homozygous Dominant (AA) Heterozygous (Aa)
AA Aa
Homozygous Recessive (aa) Homozygous Dominant
(AA)
aa AA
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Punnett Squares
Heterozygous x Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive x Heterozygous
D d D DD Dd d Dd
dd

• d d
• D Dd Dd
• d dd dd

Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive
Homozygous dominant x Heterozygous

• D d
• D DD Dd
• D DD Dd

D D d Dd Dd d Dd
Dd
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Phenotype is what you see

• Phenotype refers to what is visible the
  dominant trait or the recessive trait.
• How do you know the phenotype?
• LOOK!!

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Pedigree shows the Family Tree
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Make sure you know . . .

• Taxonomy
• DNA structure, base pairs,
• Replication, Transcription and Translation
• The representative members of the Kingdoms and
  their identifying traits.
• How the Codon Chart works
• How to use a punnett square . . .