Non-Native Forest Insects of Concern

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Non-Native Forest Insects of Concern
Bob Rabaglia Forest Health Protection USDA Forest
Service Arlington, VA 22209 brabaglia_at_fs.fed.us
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Exotic Insects in North America

• gt 400 exotic species affecting forests and
  forest products are established in the US

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Exotic Insects in North America

• Ecological Impacts
• Impact structure composition of forest
• Aid other destructive forces
• Impact wildlife, fisheries
• Impact water quality

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Exotic Insects in North America

• Economic Impacts
• Reduce Yield Mortality Growth Loss
• Affect Quality
• Impact recreation
• Increase Management Costs

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Exotic Insects in North America

• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
• 1998 - 2004 Total 9.3 Million

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Exotic Insects in North America

• Gypsy Moth uppression
• From 1980 -2003
• Federal and State expenditures
• 214,000,000

MD State suppression share 21,000,000
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Exotic Insects in North America

• USDA
• APHIS Forest Service
• Total spent on
• emerald ash borer
• 66 Million

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Exotic Insects in North America

• USDA
• APHIS Forest Service
• Total spent on
• Asian longhorned beetle
• 182 Million

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Major flows of forest products in international
trade (Liebhold et. al 1995).
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Port InspectionsPest Interception Network
Database

• From 1985-2000 600,000 pest interceptions
• Coleoptera 4th most common order

• Most commonly intercepted beetle familiy
• Scolytidae (Haack Cavey)

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Exotic insects affecting trees and
forestsOrders interceptedHomopteraLepidopter
aHymenopteraColeoptera Cerambycidae Buprestida
e Scolytidae
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Bark and wood-boring insectsEstablished since
1989 Coleoptera Scolytidae (25)Coleoptera
Cerambycidae (4)Coleoptera Buprestidae
(2)Hymenoptera Xiphidriidae (1)Hymenoptera
Micromalthidae (1)Hymenoptera Siricidae (1)
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaHow are they
getting here?

• Function of cargo SWPM for tile, machinery,
  granite, ironware seeds
• 117 different countries of origin
• Top 10
• Italy, Germany, Spain, Mexico, Jamaica,
  Belgium, France, China, Russia and India

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Solid Wood Packing MaterialIntercepted
Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of entry
19852000
Haack, R. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6
253282, 2001.
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaYear of First
Report/Detection
YEAR lt1980 1980s 1990s 2000s TOTAL 29 8 10 8
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• Coccotrypes advena Phloeosinus armatus
• Hylastes opacus Euwallacea validus
• Xyleborus atratus Xyleborus pelliculosus
• Coccotrypes vulgaris Dryoxylon onoharaensum
• Ambrosiodmus lewisi Pityogenes bidentatus
• Tomicus piniperda Coccotrypes rutshurensis
• Xyleborus pfeili Hylurgus ligniperda
• Hypothenemus setosus Xyleborinus alni
• Tyrpodendron domestictum Xylosandrus mutilatus
• Hylurgops palliatus Orthotomicus erosus
• Xyleborus glabratus Xyleborus seriatus
• Xyleborus similis Xyleborus maiche
• Euwallacea fornicatus
• Scolytus schevyrewi

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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaArea of Origin
CONTINENT Europe Eurasia Asia Africa S. America TOTAL 4 12 27 11 1
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaHabits and Area
of Origin
Bark Beetles Ambrosia Beetles Seed twig Beetles
Europe 4
Eurasia 8 4
Asia 1 17 9
Africa 1 10
S. Amer 1
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaAmbrosia Beetles
Genus Species Exotic Species Trypodendron 6 1
Xyloterinus 1 Gnathotrichus 7 Monarthrum 5
Corthylus 3
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
Genus Species Exotic Species Premnobius 1 1 A
mbrosiodmus 7 2 Euwallacea 2 2 Xyleborus 2
0 9 Xylosandrus 5 4 Xyleborinus 3 2
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
http//xyleborini.tamu.edu/
Key to Genera of Female American Xyleborina 1.
Antennal club strongly fattened, basal corneous
area small, its margin procurved (Fig. 1)
pregula expanded and flush with ventral surface
of head . . . . . . . . . .. Premnobius -
Antennal club obliquely truncate, not strongly
fattened, basal corneous portion larger, margin
recurved (Fig. 2) pregula impressed .
2 2 (1). Scutellum conical,
base of elytra at suture notched, with abundant
setae (Fig. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . Xyleborinus - Scutellum moderately
large, its surface flush with adjacent elytra,
glabrous (Fig. 4) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles
http//xyleborini.tamu.edu/
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborine
Ambrosia Beetles

• Easily transported and established
• Skewed sex ratio
• Sib-mating
• Broad host range
• Warm/humid climate

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Xyleborus glabratus
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Exotic Scolytids in North AmericaXyleborus
glabratus
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Exotic Scolytids in North America

• Xyleborus glabratus
• 1st found in North America 2002
• 3 beetles in traps near Savannah, GA

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Exotic Scolytids in North America

• Xyleborus glabratus
• 1st found in North America 2002
• 3 beetles in traps near Savannah, GA
• 2005 found infesting red bay trees in 3 counties
  in GA and 2 counties in SC
• Vectoring pathogenic fungus

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Exotic Scolytids in North America

• Xyleborus glabratus
• Native to Asia (India, Japan, Taiwan
• Asian hosts Lindera, Litsea, Shorea.
• North American hosts Persea, Sassafras?
• 2006-2007 infestations in SC, GA FL

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USFS EDRREarly Detection Rapid Response
Focus on wooded areas near high-risk solid-wood
packing material endpoints landfills, wood
recycling locations, warehouses, distribution
centers, dunnage piles, factories.
Urban and wildland-urban interface forests such
as parks, arboreta, and fragmented forests near
new developments. Coordination with APHIS CAPS
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Early Detection Rapid Response (EDRR) Pilot
Project, 2001-2006
Results
2001 Hylurgops palliatus near Erie, PA 2002
Xyleborus similis in Houston, TX Xyleborus
glabratus near Savannah, GA 2003 Scolytus
schevyrewi in CO UT 2005 Xyleborus seriatus
in MA
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APHIS - Surveys

• APHIS/CAPS National Exotic Woodborer/Bark beetle
  Survey
• Targets select species of Cerambycids, Buprestids
  and Scolytids
• Concentrates around high risk sites such as
  ports, warehouses, importers, nurseries
• Found Ips typographus at ports and warehouses
• Found Sirex noctilio in NY

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What is the threat?

• Current known infestation is in natural forests
  in New York and Pennsylvania.
• Infestations of this insect in other countries
  have caused significant mortality in pine
  plantations.
• Monterey, lodgepole, ponderosa, jack and most
  species of southern pines (especially loblolly)
  are known to be susceptible. The susceptibility
  of other North American conifers is not known.

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Whats being done?

• USFS, APHIS and states have conducted aerial
  surveys, mapped symptomatic trees and trapped
  in many states in the northeast and south.
• Developed an identification guide to Siricids

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Whats being done?

• Developed a series of National Risk maps for
  Sirex to aid in national strategic and local
  survey planning.

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Whats being done?

• USFS , APHIS have formed a Sirex Science Panel
  and Sirex Management Team.
• Strategy includes delimitation surveys,
  regulatory implementation and development of
  biocontrol.

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Whats being done?

• Biocontrol with a parasitic nematode is key to
  reducing impacts and has saved millions of
  dollars in Australia and Brazil.
• APHIS and FS are working to test nematodes in
  N. America and get regulatory clearance.

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Long-term direction

• Develop silviculture guidelines to reduce
  impacts of Sirex. Good management practices
  maintaining stand health and vigor will
  minimize Sirex damage.
• Continue work to develop better traps and lures
  for earlier detection.

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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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Emerald Ash Borer
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128 acres of forest impacted
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• Emerald Ash Borer In Maryland
• No new infested trees were found after nearly 3
  years of post treatment surveys until fall 2006
  when two infested trees were found just outside
  of the original ½ mile control area.
• Additional surveys have since found infested
  trees a mile or more from the site of the 2003
  original infestation.
• MDA is removing more than 20,000 ash trees in an
  area covering some 13,000 acres.
• MDA has initiated a quarantine of Prince
  Georges County, restricting movement of hardwood
  firewood and ash nursery and wood products from
  the County.

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Emerald Ash Borer