Water Supply Development

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Water Supply Development

• Mike Kizer
• OSU Extension Irrigation Specialist

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Water Sources

• Surface Water
• Streams
• Lakes
• Runoff
• Ground Water
• Wells
• Springs
• Ganats
• Rain Harvesting

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Developing a Hillside Seep Spring
Intercept ground water before it reaches the
surface to - Protect its quality - Simplify
its collection and transport
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Jetting A Well
- Jetted solids settle out in basin - Clear water
re-circulated to jet
- Jetting is effective in unconsolidated
material (sand, gravel, soil) - Downward water
velocity sufficient to dislodge undisturbed
material - Upward water velocity sufficient to
float dislodged material


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Drilling Mud

• A slurry of water and clay (bentonite preferred)
  used in well drilling
• Reduces water loss during drilling
• Helps float drill cuttings to surface
• Stabilized hole until casing installation
• Must be removed by bailing and pumping before
  well can be put into service

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Percussion Drilling Tools
Round-Stock Cable Hangar Pipe Body I-Beam
Body Chisel-Point Bit
Round-Stock Hangar Pipe Body Heavy Rubber
Flap Valve
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Vertical Reciprocating Motion
for Low-Tech Percussion Drilling
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Augers for Hand-Bored Wells
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Low-Tech Methods to Sink a Casing in a Well Bore
Dead Man
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Driven Wells (Commercial Sand Points)
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Driven Wells (Home-Made Sand Points) -- Driven
Wells are normally 1 ½-inch or 2-inch pipes --
Drive points should be ¼ - ½ inch larger in
diameter that the well pipe -- Well points can
be driven with sledge hammer, post driver, jack
hammer
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Ganats (Horizontal Wells)
- Ganats are horizontal borings in sloping
topography from the ground surface that intercept
the water table. They collect and convey
subsurface water to the surface for use. If
sloped slightly downward toward the point of use
no pumping is required.
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Small Earth Dams
Small earthen dams should be constructed of low
permeability material. Small earthen dams should
have an 8-ft minimum top width. Slopes should be
stabilized against erosion with vegetation or
rock. Mechanical spillways should be sized to
handle the average stream flow. Flood flows must
be handled by the emergency spillway for the life
of the dam. Emergency spillways should be
constructed in undisturbed material.
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Emergency Spillways
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Flow Measurement

• Good water management begins with water
  measurement
• Basic principle
• Q Vm Af
• Q flow rate in a pipeline or channel (ft3/sec)
• Vm mean or average velocity of flow in the
  pipeline or channel (ft/sec)
• Af cross-sectional area of flow (ft2)
• Velocity is not constant throughout the
  cross-section

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Estimating Surface Velocity, Vs, of a Straight
Stream with a Float and Stopwatch
(seconds)
(feet)
Vm Kf Vs Kf 0.65 0.80 Kf 0.65 (if d ? 1
ft) Kf 0.80 (if d gt 20 ft)
Distance, (feet) Velocity, (feet/second)
Time, (seconds)
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Estimating the Cross-Sectional Area of Flow,
Af Dividing the Streambed into Triangles,
Rectangles and Trapezoids
Rectangle Area Ar d w Trapezoid Area, Atz ½
(di di1) w Triangle Area, Atr ½ d w
Water Surface
w spacing between verticals
w
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Rain Water Harvesting
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Units

• Volume
• Quantity of water Water at rest
• Gallon, cubic foot, etc.
• V A d (units -- acre-inch, acre-foot,
  hectare-meter etc.)
• Depth
• Rainfall measured as depth Useful for irrigation
  applications as well
• Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc.
• D V / A (units -- Usually in. or mm)
• Flow
• Volume of water per unit time Water in motion
• Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second,
  acre-inches per day, liters per second, cubic
  meters per second etc.
• Q V / t (units gpm, L/s, ft3/s, cfs, MGD)

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• Volume balance (QtAd)
• V Q t and V A d, so Q t A d
• Q x t A x d V
• (ft3/s x s) (ft2) x (ft) (ft3)
• (Flow rate) x (time) (area) x (depth)
• Knowing any of the three, can solve for the
  fourth
• Units must be consistent (conversion constant,
  kv, to balance units QtkvAd)
• gpm x hr ? acres x in

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Contact Information

• Email mkizer_at_okstate.edu
• Telephone [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Mailing Address Michael Kizer 228
  Agriculture Hall Oklahoma State
  Univ. Stillwater, OK 74078