Emission inventory reporting within

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Emission inventory reporting within Europe
status, future developments and
requirements Martin Adams Air and Climate
Change Programme European Environment Agency
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Introduction

• EEA and GMES role
• Status of Europes legislative-based emission
  inventory data reporting
• Open questions application of satellite
  remote-sensing data to emissions inventory policy
  needs

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European Environment Agency (EEA)
The European Environment Agency is the EU body
dedicated to providing sound, independent
information on the environment. We are a main
information source for those involved in
developing, adopting, implementing and
evaluating environmental policy, and for the
general public.
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The EU GMES initiative and EEA

• EEA has the role of in-situ data co-ordinator
• make use of services and federate user
  requirements
• follow and steer GMES implementation and
  governance processes
• provide certain elements of GMES services.

In-situ data are indispensable for forecasting
models, calibration and validation of space-based
information, analysis or filling gaps not
available from space sources, and providing
necessary reference data
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Pre-operational GMES services

• MYOCEAN
• EURO4M
• MONARCH-A
• CARBONES
• SAGA-EO

• GMES is now in a pre-operational phase, creating
  and delivering services for marine,
  land-monitoring, emergency response, security,
  and atmosphere on the basis of FP7 research
  projects
• MACC
• PASODOBLE
• GEOLAND2
• SAFER
• DORIS
• NESIS

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Emission inventories in the DPSIR framework
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Emission inventories - why?

• Source identification identifying the activities
  responsible for emissions
• 1. Input for air quality research (i.e.
  environmental state impacts)
• Serving as input for AQ modelling/forecasting at
  urban, regional, or global scales, to estimate
  effects on health and the environment based on
  current or projected GHG/AP emission scenarios

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Emission inventories - why?

• Source identification identifying the activities
  responsible for emissions
• 2. Input for policy-makers
• ensuring that those responsible for implementing
  mitigation policies (i.e. countries, sectors) are
  complying with their obligations
• assessing the potential impacts and implications
  of different emission mitigation strategies and
  plans, positive and negative ( AQ effects link)
• evaluating the costs and benefits of different
  emission mitigation policies
• assist in setting explicit policy objectives and
  constraints at sectoral, national or regional
  level
• consumption-based emission inventories account
  for consumption-based emissions produced
  elsewhere eg NAMEA environmental accounts type of
  approach

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Prospects of achieving 2010 emission ceilings
reported WM projections by MS
Member State NOX NMVOC SO2 NH3
Austria v v v
Belgium v v v
Bulgaria v v v v
Cyprus v v v v
Czech Republic v v v v
Denmark v v v v
Estonia v v v v
Finland v v v v
France v v
Germany v v
Greece v v v v
Hungary v v v v
Ireland v v v
Italy v v v v
Latvia v v v v
Member State NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3
Lithuania v v v v
Luxembourg v v v
Malta v v v v
Netherlands v v
Poland v v v
Portugal v v v
Romania v v v v
Slovakia v v v v
Slovenia v v v
Spain v
Sweden v v v
United Kingdom v v v
v 15 24 26 25
12 3 1 2
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Official emissions inventory reporting
available datasets

• Within Europe, all countries are (in general)
  bound by the reporting requirements of the
  UNFCCC/EU-MM, the UNECE LRTAP Convention and for
  MS the EU NEC Directive
• Emissions for a number of GHG and AP pollutants
  are reported each year, in general from 1990 to
  year X-2
• Both national totals and 100 individual emission
  source categories are reported. Compiled by
  experts with access to detailed national data
• Datasets are peer-reviewed each year, judged
  against endorsed inventory methodologies
  quality standards i.e. IPCC Guidelines (GHGs),
  EMEP-EEA Guidebook (APs)
• Official inventories are regular, to agreed
  quality standards, and are peer-reviewed.
  Politically accepted emissions.

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Legal context UNFCCC/EU-MM (1)

• Within the EU, Member States are bound by the
  reporting requirements of the EU-MM/UNFCCC
• Pollutants covered are CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs
  and SF6 (plus indirects NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and
  CO).
• Data in CRF format 100 individual source
  categories
• Kyoto protocol emission targets defined for
  countries, and for EU MS under burden-sharing
  for the Kyoto period and for 2020
• Each year MS must report emissions 1990 to X-2
• Some reporting differences between UNFCCC and
  Kyoto protocol for year-1, final emissions for
  year-2, and projections for 2010

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Legal context LRTAP Convention (2)

• The European Community and the individual MS are
  Parties to the 1979 UNECE Convention on
  Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
• The Convention and its protocols require Parties
  to annually report emissions of air pollutants
  arising from anthropogenic activities
• Standard data format used for reporting national
  totals and 100 (sub) source categories (NFR)
• Pollutants covered include main pollutants (NOx,
  SOx, NMVOCs, NH3, CO), particulate matter (PM2.5,
  PM10, total PM), certain heavy metals and POPs
• Three protocols under CLRTAP are presently under
  review Gothenburg, POPs and heavy metal
  protocols
• Data reported each year, in general covering 1990
  to X-2

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Legal context NECD (3)

• Within the EU, Member States are also bound by
  the reporting requirements of the National
  Emission Ceilings Directive (2001/81/EC) (NECD)
• Pollutants covered are NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and NH3,
  across the same 100 source activities as CLRTAP
• The NECD lays down emission ceilings (limits) for
  each MS for the 4 pollutants. The ceilings must
  be met by 2010 and in each year thereafter
• Each year MS must report preliminary emissions
  for year-1, final emissions for year-2, and
  projections for 2010
• The NECD is presently under review. The
  Commission has not announced when a proposal for
  a revised Directive will be published

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Official point source emissions reporting
available datasets

• The ETS provides annual verified CO2 emissions
  from included facilities
• The Large Combustion Plant Directive provides
  facility emissions of SO2, NOx and dust plus
  activity data (2004-2006, 2007)
• The European Pollutant Release and Transfer
  Register (E-PRTR) now provides GHG and AP
  emissions data on an annual basis for around12
  000 European facilities and 65 pollutants to air
  

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European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
(E-PRTR)

• European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
  launched 9th Nov 2009 based on first reporting
  from countries. Replaces older EPER registry.
• Covers releases to air, water, land and off-site
  waste transfers from industrial facilities
• Activities for data are defined in E-PRTR
  Regulation Annex I EC 166/2006
• Coverage EU-27 NO, IS, LI (CH)

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E-PRTR continued

• Releases and waste transfers, as well as facility
  data are reported by national competent
  authorities
• Thresholds in the E-PRTR Regulation establish
  whether facility releases are reported
  activity (Annex I), - pollutant release (Annex
  II)
• The thresholds are designed to ensure 90
  coverage of facility releases
• Some limited spatial information on diffuse
  source emissions (eg road transport,
  agriculture) will also be included in the future

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E-PRTR public access to data
Data searchable by country, activity, pollutant,
address, map etc. Issues with comparability
between E-PRTR, EU ETS, LCP and national
inventory reporting
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Official data issues requirements

• Independent verification remains very difficult.
  Back-trajectory modelling, satellite remote data
  remain rather ad-hoc initiatives
• Use of national inventory and point source
  datasets hindered by differences in definitions
  inconsistencies between obligations which hinders
  their use for assessment.
• Anthropogenic emissions only natural emission
  sources generally not reported and are very
  uncertain. Not relevant for policy-makers
  focussed on mitigation options. But AQ
• Spatial emissions reporting only every 5 years
  spatial emission reporting (50x50 km) required to
  UNECE. Only 19/48 countries in extended EMEP grid
  area have reported gridded emissions for 2005

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Official data issues requirements

• No temporal resolution within years reported
• Urban AQ modelling and emission inventory needs
  are not addressed through current legislation
  i.e. spatially-resolved city inventories. Recent
  initiative proposed to look at improving
  guidance, awareness of needs etc under FAIRMODE
  network WG2
• Potential for missing emission sources in
  official emission inventories (generally minor
  sources).
• Official inventories alone do not always
  adequately explain AQ trends in Europe. Problems
  in inventories, modelling or monitoring? Other
  contributing AQ factors of course include
  meteorology, long-range transport, natural
  sources, PM re-suspension etc

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Against a background of generally reducing
reported emissions
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of Europes urban population potentially
exposed to pollution levels over AQ limits/targets

• Little change since 2001 in ozone (O3) and
  particles (PM10) exceedance trends
• Peak levels have decreased
• SO2 declining
• Ozone has both human health and ecosystem impacts
  
• PM health impacts are significant

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Verification

• Verification refers to the collection of
  activities and procedures conducted during or
  after completion of an inventory that can help to
  establish its reliability for the intended
  applications of the inventory.
• For the purposes of this guidance, verification
  refers specifically to those methods that are
  external to the inventory and apply independent
  data, including comparisons with inventory
  estimates made by other bodies or through
  alternative methods.
• IPPC, UNECE

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European Environment Agency

• www.eea.europa.eu
• martin.adams_at_eea.europa.eu